英語語法乾貨：基本的語法形態，基礎的句子的類型
學習英語我們需要注意語句結構，語法的組成。下面就是小編給大家帶來的英語語法的基本結構，希望能幫助到大家更好的記憶英語!
一、陳述句
陳述句(包括肯定的或否定的)用來敘述一項事實。陳述句的結構分爲肯定結構和否定結構兩種。
1、陳述句的肯定結構
主語與謂語的一致，句子中的謂語動詞和主語在人稱和數上必須一致。如：
I was having dinner when he came in.
He is now working at a bank.
①謂語只跟主語的中心詞保持一致，修飾詞不影響主語的數：
The quality of this kind of bike is poor.
There be結構和其他倒裝句中，謂語通常放在主語的前面，這時謂語是單數還是複數，要依後面的主語而定，如：
There is no milk in the bottle.
There are no students iin the classroom.
②“one of ……”結構作主語，謂語應該用單數。如：
One of the students is absent.
Making things is a good activity.
What hurt her most is his words.
③由and連接兩個或兩個以上的名詞，由“both…and…”連接的兩個成分作主語，其謂語動詞通常用複數形式，如：
Susan and Sally like pop music.
The worker and the peasant are going to give us a talk.
④單數名詞後面有下面詞語修飾時，主語不受這些詞或詞組的影響
with…. like…as well as…together with…
He, as well as his classmates, likes popular songs.
Mr Li, together with his wife and two songs, is on holiday these days.
⑤由連詞“either…or…”,“neither…nor…”,“not only…but also…”,also, nor, or連接兩個名詞或代詞，謂語動詞的形式應與最近的主語保持一致
Neither I nor my brother is good at maths.
Either you or I’m wrong.
注意：表示數量、時間、距離、金錢等的複數名詞作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。用於數學運算的數字作主語，謂語通常也用單數形式。如：
Ten pounds is enough.
Two hours is a long time.
2、陳述句的否定形式
(1)帶有系動詞、助動詞、情態動詞的肯定句，只要把not, never加在這些動詞後面，就能把肯定句變爲否定，no通常否定名詞或動名詞
I’m not a doctor.I haven’t got a camera.
I have never met him before.
(2)若謂語是行爲動詞，前面又沒有助動詞和情態動詞，只要在謂語動詞之前加助動詞do( does, did ) not就行。
I didn’t go to the concert yesterday.
He doesn’t speak English
(3)no修飾複數名詞作主語，謂語動詞要用複數。如果no修飾單數名詞作主語，謂語動詞要用單數。如：
No men are admitted
No man is admitted.
(4)表示部分否定的詞有：not all, not everything, not everybody, not everywhere, not both, not always.
Not everybody enjoys fishing.
Not everything goes well.
二、疑問句
疑問句是用來提出疑問的句子，疑問句末尾用問號“?”。疑問句一般分爲：一般疑問句;特殊疑問句;選擇疑問句和反意疑問句。
1、一般疑問句
(1) 含有系動詞、助動詞、情態動詞的陳述句改爲疑問句：要把這些動詞提到主語的前面，句末用問號。
Are you a policeman?Must I go now?
(2) 如果謂語是行爲動詞，它前面又沒有任何助動詞、情態動詞，這時就要用助動詞do ( does, did )來構成疑問句。
Does he often write to you ?
Did you enjoy yourself last Sunday?
2、特殊疑問句
(1) 特殊疑問句由“疑問詞+一般疑問句”構成，其中一般疑問句又採取倒裝或部分倒裝的形式。
(2) 特殊疑問句的疑問詞通常分爲疑問代詞和疑問副詞兩種。
3、選擇疑問句
它的結構是“一般疑問句 + or + 一般疑問句“，回答這類問題時要選擇其中一種具體進行回答。
Is her brother a doctor or a teacher?
Her brother a doctor.
4、反意疑問句
反意疑問句由一個陳述句和一個簡略形式的疑問句構成，中間用逗號隔開。通常有兩種形式：
① 陳述句謂語用肯定形式 + 疑問句謂語用否定形式;
He is stupid, isn’t he?
② 陳述句謂語用否定形式 + 疑問句謂語用肯定形式;
He doesn’t like sports, does he?
(5) 如果陳述部分是主從複合句，那麼疑問部分的謂語應該跟主語的謂語所用形式一樣。
You never told us you are the headmaster, did you?
注意：
① used to用在句中時，也可用usen’t 或usedn’t來引起反意疑問句。He used to swim in winter, didn’t he? =
He used to swim in winter, usen’t he?
② 當陳述句中的主語爲everybody, everyone, anyone, nobody, none, no one時，疑問部分通常要用they來代替。
Everybody admires him, don’t they?
③ 如果陳述句部分已經用了表示否定意義的詞，如never, nothing, hardly,那麼疑問部分應該使用肯定形式。
He never speaks loudly, does he?
④ 當陳述句部分的主語爲everything, nothing, anything, something時，疑問部分的主語要用it.
Something is wrong with the machine, isn’t it?
Everything is in good order, isn’t it?
⑤ 祈使句的反意疑問句部分要用shall, will。
Let’s表示第一人稱的祈使句，所以反意疑問句爲“shall we?”, let me 和let us表示第二人稱的祈使句，反意疑問句爲“will you?”，其他行爲動詞引起的祈使句，反意疑問句都爲“will you?”。祈使句的反意疑問句通常只有肯定形式。
Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
Let’s stop for a rest, will you?
⑥ 感嘆句的反意疑問句要用“be”的現在時，對人的感嘆，用“he”“you”等，對事物的感嘆，用“it”，而且疑問部分必須用否定式。
What a clever boy, isn’t he?
What a wonderful lecture, isn’t it?
三、祈使句、感嘆句
祈使句表示請求、命令、建議等等，謂語動詞一律用原形。句中通常不用主語，句末用驚歎號或者句號。
1、肯定的祈使句
(1) 句型：動詞原形……(省略主語)。如：
Look at these holes!Please keep the classroom quiet.
(2) 有時，爲了加強語氣，可以在動詞之前加do。
Do be study hard.
(3) 祈使句中如果有呼語，一定要用逗號“，”隔開。放在句首或句尾。Come here, Li Ming.
2、否定的祈使句
(1) 句型：Don’g + 動詞原形……
Don’t make the same mistake.
Don’t look out of the windows.
(2) 祈使句與陳述句的改寫
祈使句=You must ……
Be quiet. = you must be quiet.
Don’t make any noise = You mustn’t make any noise.
Please + 祈使句 = Will you please ……?
Please read after me = Will you please read after me?
3、祈使句Let…句型
Let作爲動詞常常用於祈使句，但表達意義不相同
Let表示“建議”後面跟第一人稱代詞作賓語。
Let’s go to school together!Let me try again.
Let表示“間接命令或願望”，後面接第三人稱代詞作賓語。
Let him work out the problem by himself.
Let Li Ping be monitor.
感嘆句表示說話時的驚訝、喜悅、氣憤等情緒，帶有強烈的感情色彩。感嘆句主要有兩種：
What + 名詞詞組;
What a beautiful day it is!
How + 形容詞或副詞
How well they have learned English!
How well he swims!
注意：
What 修飾單數可數名詞時，如果這一名詞有形容詞修飾，也可以用how來引導感嘆句，但是不定冠詞a, an要放在形容詞的後面。
What a beautiful park!
How beautiful a park it is!補充練習
按要求進行句型轉換
1. We have many cakes for supper (變爲否定疑問句)
2. I would like a cup of tea, please. (變爲一般疑問句)
3. He is a teacher, (a student) (改爲選擇疑問句)
4. It is a nice box. (改爲感嘆句)
5. The workers are working hard. (改爲感嘆句)
6. Tom is sitting on the desk. (改爲否定的祈使句)
7. Everything is ready, ___________ ? (以下改爲反意疑問句)
8. This isn’t your book, _____________ ?
9. Don’t look out of the window, _____________ ?
