【備考】四級仔細閱讀超強攻略（附例題）
仔細閱讀是四級閱讀中分支最高的，每題兩分。這也是很多考生做的比較多的題型。英語閱讀理解題的技巧與策略是學生提高閱讀理解多需要具備的。
我們可將閱讀理解歸納爲以下幾種題型：主旨大意題，細節理解題，推理判斷題（含寫作意圖、目的等），詞義猜測題。英語閱讀理解題的技巧與策略是學生提高閱讀理解多需要具備的。
主旨大意題
這類題在設題時常會用到title，subject，main idea，topic，theme等詞。
1、歸納標題
題特點：短小精悍，一般多爲一個短語；涵蓋性強，一般能覆蓋全文意思；精確性強，表達範圍要恰當，不能隨意改變語意程度或色彩。常見命題形式有：
What’s the best title for the text?
The best title for this passage is ___.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
★真題範例：
Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys?The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences. To the Egyptians, green was a color that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven. Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures. In China, children are given money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year. For many nations, blue is a symbol of protection and religious beliefs. Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect themselves against evils (災禍).
People's choice of colors is also influenced by their bodies' reactions (反應) toward them. Green is said to be the most restful color. It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally and physically. People who work in green environment have been found to have fewer stomach aches.Red can cause a person's blood pressure to rise and increase people's appetites (食慾). Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant. Similarly, many commercial websites will have a red "Buy Now" button because red is a color that easily catches a person's eye.
Blue is another calming color. Unlike red, blue can cause people to lose appetite. So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.
The next time you are deciding on what to wear or what color to decorate your room, think about the color carefully.
63. Which of the following would be the most proper title for the text?
A. Colors and Human Beings
B. The Cultural Meaning of Color
C. Colors and Personal Experiences
D. The Meaning and Function of Color
答案：D
2、概括大意題
包括尋找段落大意（topic）和文章中心思想（main idea），常見命題形式有：
What is the general/main idea of the passage？
Which of the following expresses the main idea？
What is the subject discussed in the text?
The writer of the story wants to tell us that_____.
The passage/ text is mainly about_____.
What’s the article mainly about ？
例：Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
Q: What is the main idea of the passage?
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.
B. Bingham is a diligent student.
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.
D. A good lawyer needs good education.
答案：C
解題思路
此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個細節(detail)性的事實。因此就答案本身看，個個都對。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來，進行邏輯推理，才能構成一個沒有言明的主題思想。由於文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育，所以答案是 Ｃ。
解題技巧
閱讀理解文章多是議論文和說明文，這兩種文體的結構可歸納爲：提出問題——論述問題——得出結論或者闡明觀點。對於這類文章，抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現在文章的開頭或結尾。主題句具有簡潔性、概括性的特點。主題句在文章中的位置主要有以下幾種情況。
位於段首：一般而言，以演繹法撰寫的文章，主題句往往在文章的開頭，即先點出主題，然後圍繞這一主題作具體的陳述。判斷第一句是否爲主題句，可具體分析段落的首句與第二，三句的關係；如果從第二句就開始對第一句進行說明，論述或描述，那第一句就是主題句。有些段落，在主題句後面有明顯引出細節的信號詞，如for example, an example of; first, second, next, last, finally; to begin with, also, besides; one, the other; some, others等。在閱讀中應儘量利用上述信號詞來確定主題句的位置。
位於段尾：有些文章會在開頭列舉事實, 然後通過論證闡述作者的核心論點。因此，如果第一句話不是概括性的或綜合性的話，最好快速讀一讀段落的最後一個句子，看看它是否具備主題句的特徵。如果它具備主題句的特徵，段落的主題思想就很容易確定了。一般說來，當一種觀點不易向人解釋清楚或不易被人接受時，主題句便會到段落的末尾纔出現。學生可以充分利用引出結論的信號詞。如so，therefore，thus，consequently；in conclusion，in short；in a word, to sum up等來確定主題句的位置在段尾。當無明顯的此類信號時，學生可在段落的最後一句話前面添加一個引出結論的信號詞，以確定其是否是主題句。
位於段中：有時段落是先介紹背景和細節，接着用一句綜合或概括性的話概括前面所說的內容或事例，然後再圍繞主題展開對有關問題的深入討論。這種文章的主題句往往會在段落中間出現。歸納起來主要有兩種情況：先提出問題，然後給予回答(主題句)，最後給予解釋；或者，先提出問題，然後點出主題思想(主題句)，最後給予解釋。
首尾呼應：主題句在段落的開頭和結尾兩個位置上先後出現，形成前呼後應的格局。這兩個主題句敘說的是同一個內容，但用詞不盡相同，這樣不但強調了主題思想，而且顯得靈活多變。這兩個句子並非簡單重複，後一個主題句或對該主題作最後的評述，或對要點作一概括，或使之引申留給讀者去思考。
無明確主題句：找關鍵詞（出現頻率較高）, 歸納總結。
細節理解題
考查內容主要涉及時間、地點、人物、事件、原因、結果、數字等議論文中例證細節和定義類細節。這類題目的共同特點是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。當然，答案並不一定是文章中的原句，考生需要根據文章提供的信息自己組織語句回答問題。
1、事實細節題→尋讀法
分爲直接理解題和間接理解題，前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提問，或判斷正誤；後者需與原文信息轉換，表達上與原文有差異。常見命題形式有：
What can we learn from the passage?
All the following are mentioned except
Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)?Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…?
例： ……… Mark had been scolded before for touching his father’s equipment. But his curiosity was difficult to control and this new computer really puzzled him. ………
56．Why did Mark touch the computer against his father’s warning?
A．He wanted to take a voyage.
B．He wanted to practice his skill
C．He was so much attracted by it.
D．He was eager to do an experiment.
答案：C
2、排列順序題→首尾定位法
找出第一個事件和最後一個事件，用排除法縮小範圍。常出現在記敘文和說明文中，一般按事件發生的順序。常見命題形式有：
Which of the following is the correct order of…?
Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?
例：Since the 1970s, scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers. Brain-computer interface(BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines. ……. The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(頭皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain. ……..
73. Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?
A.scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair
B.computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair
C.scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair
D. cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair
答案：C
3、圖文匹配題→按圖索驥理清線索
設題形式：給出圖表，根據圖表提問問題。
4、數字計算題→（方法：審題→帶着問題找細節→對比、分析、計算）
可直接找到相關細節，但需經過計算方可找到答案。
推理判斷題
主要考查學生對文章中隱含或深層的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根據文章內容做出合乎邏輯的推斷，包括考生對作者觀點的理解，態度的判斷，對修辭、語氣、隱含意思等的理解。
題幹關鍵詞：infer(推斷)，indicate(象徵，暗示)，imply/suggest(暗示)，conclude(作出結論)，assume(假定，設想)。
1、細節推理判斷題
一般可根據短文提供的信息或藉助生活常識進行推理判斷，常見命題形式有：
It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.
The author implies/ suggests that_____.
We may infer that _________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?
例： ……. Some eyes rolled and there were a few low groans(嘟囔聲)when Ms.Yates was about to speak. Many started looking at their watches and coming up with excuses to be anywhere instead of preparing to listen to a lecture from and old woman who had few kind words for her students and made them work harder than all the other teachers combined. ……..
42. What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A. Some graduates were too busy to listen to Ms. Yates’ speech.
B. Many graduates disliked Ms. Yates’ ways of teaching.
C. Some people got tired from the reunion activities.
D. Most people had little interest in the reunion.
答案：B
2、預測推理判斷題
根據語篇對文章接下來的內容或可能的結局進行猜測，常見命題形式有：
What do you think will happen if/when…?
At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____
3、推測文章來源或讀者對象
常見命題形式有：
The passage is probably take out of_____
The passage would most likely be found in_____
Where does this text probably come from?
4、寫作意圖、目的、態度推斷題
作者的語氣態度往往不會直接寫在文章裏，只能通過細讀文章，從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會出來。
詢問寫作目的的題，選項裏常出現的詞是：explain(解釋)，prove (證明)，persuade(勸說)，advise(勸告)，comment(評論)，praise(讚揚)，criticize(批評)，entertain(娛樂)，demonstrate(舉例說明)，argue(辯論)，tell(講述)，analyze(分析)等。
語氣態度題
選項裏常出現的詞是：neutral(中立的)，sympathetic(同情的)，satisfied(滿意的)，friendly(友好的)，enthusiastic(熱情的)，subjective(主觀的)，objective(客觀的)，matter-of-fact(實事求是的)，pessimistic(悲觀的)，optimistic(樂觀的)，critical(批評的)，doubtful(懷疑的)，hostile(敵對的)，indifferent(冷淡的)，disappointed(失望的)。常見命題形式有：
The purpose of the text is_____
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____
What is the author’s attitude towards…?
What is the author’s opinion on…?
The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
解題技巧
推斷題是考查學生透過文章表面的文字信息進行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實爲依據，切莫主觀臆斷。
①那些文章中直接陳述的內容不能選，要選擇根據文章推理出來的選項。
②推理不是憑空猜測，而是立足已知推斷未知；作出正確答案時一定要在文中找到依據或理由。
③要忠實於原文，以文章提供的事實和線索爲依據。不能以自己的觀點代替作者的想法；不要脫離原文主觀臆斷。
詞義猜測題
考點：1、猜測某個詞、詞組、句子的意義；2、對文中的多義詞或詞組進行定義；3、判斷某個代詞的指代的對象。常見命題形式有：
The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.
The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）probably means ______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）could best be replaced by which of the following?
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ?
解題技巧
1、通過因果關係猜詞通過因果關係猜詞
首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關係，然後才能猜詞。有時文章藉助關聯詞(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因後果。
例如：You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault. 通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯)，可猜出blame的詞義是"責備"。
2、通過同義詞和反義詞的關係猜詞
通過同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happy and gay，即使我們不認識gay這個詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均爲生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬於"行星"這一義域。
通過反義詞猜詞，一是看錶轉折關係的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根據not at all...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3、通過構詞法猜詞
根據前綴、後綴、複合、派生等構詞知識判斷生詞詞義。如：She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( “un”含否定意義，故爲“不太可能”之意。)
4、通過定義或釋義關係來推測詞義
例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought. 從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，於是便有一段乾旱的時期，即drought，由此可見drought意思爲"久旱"，"旱災"。而a dry period和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關係常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折號等來表示。
5、通過句法功能來推測詞義
例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關係，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。
6、通過描述猜詞
描述即作者對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內在特徵的描寫。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。後面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。
7、根據常識猜詞
如：The door was so low that he hit his head on the lintel.（lintel “過樑”。）Afraid of waking the baby up, she tiptoed out of the room.（tiptoed “踮着腳走，躡手躡腳”）
【備考】閱讀理解不認識單詞怎麼辦？猜詞技巧助你一臂之力
*注： 本文由大學雲英語綜合整理編輯，轉載請註明出處!
