考研英語法律類閱讀理解
法律類型的閱讀理解不僅可以幫助我們在考研英語的複習更加完善，還可以多學習法學類的知識。下面是本站小編給大家整理的考研英語法律類閱讀理解，供大家參閱!
Minority youths are more likely to face trial as adults
A WHITE KID SELLS A BAG OF COCAINE at his suburban high school. A Latino kid does the same in his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first
-time offenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents, his priest, a good lawyer-and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom, no legal resources and no insurance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family; he's placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. He's detained.
There, in a nutshell, is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts, young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. "Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are, tried as adults," says Dan Macallair, a co-author of the new study. "California has a double standard: throw kids of color behind bars, but bilitate white kids who commit comparable crimes."
Even as juvenile crime has declined from its peak in the early 1990s, headline grabbing violence by minors has intensified a get-tough attitude. Over the past six years, 43 states have passed laws that make it easier to try juveniles as adults. In Texas and Connecticut in 1996, the latest year for which figures are available, all the juveniles in jails were minorities. Vincent Schiraldi, the Justice Policy Institute's director, concedes that "some kids need to be tried as adults. But most can be rehabilitated."
Instead, adult prisons tend to brutalize juveniles. They are eight times more likely to commit suicide and five times more likely to be sexually abused than offenders held in juvenile detention. "Once they get out, they tend to commit more crimes and more violent crimes," says Jenni Gainsborough, a spokeswoman for the Sentencing Project, a reform group in Washington. The system, in essence, is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities.
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注(1)本文選自By Anamaria Wilson Time; 02/14/2000, Vol. 155 Issue 6, p68, 1/3p
注(2)本文習題命題模仿對象1997年真題text 5(其中因1997年真題text 5只有4個題目，所以本文第4題模仿參照對象爲1999年 Text 4的第4題。)
the first paragraph we learn that _________.
[A]the white kid is more lucky than the minority kid
[B]the white kid has got a lot of help than the minority kid
[C]the white kid and minority kid has been treated differently
[D]the minority kid should be set free at once.
rding to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
[A]Kids shouldn’t be tried as adults.
[B] Discrimination exists in the justice system.
[C]Minority kids are likely to commit crimes.
[D] States shouldn’t pass the laws.
word “skyrocket” (Line 13, Paragraph 2) means ________.
[A]rising sharply
[B]widening suddenly
[C]spreading widely
[D]expanding quickly
can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] something seems to be wrong with the justice system
[B]adult prisons have bad influence on the juveniles
[C] juveniles in adult prison are ill-treated
[D]the career criminals are trained by the system
passage shows that the author is _________ the present situation.
[A] amazed at
[B]puzzled by
[C]disappointed at
[D] critical of
答案：CBAAD
篇章剖析
本文的結構形式爲提出問題----分析問題。在第一段首先提出問題,以一個案例爲切入點，對比白人少年與有色人種少年受到的不同待遇。第二段和第三段用事實進一步說明司法機關對有色人種的青少年的歧視以及他們受到的不公正待遇。第四段闡述了司法機關的這一做法造成的不良影響。
詞彙註釋
offender [E5fendE(r)] n.罪犯, 冒犯者
coverage [5kQvErIdV]n.保險項目;保險範圍
option [5RpF(E)n]n.選擇;供選擇的事物
detain [dI5teIn]v.拘留,
in a nutshell [5nQtFel]簡括地,簡言之;簡要地說
felony [5felEnI]n.[律]重罪
rehabilitate [ri:hE5bIlIteIt]v. 使(身體)康復, 使復職, 使恢復名譽, 使復原
get-tough [5^et 5tQf]adj.強硬的
concede[kEn5si:d]v.勉強, 承認
brutalize[5bru:tElaIz]v.殘酷地對待
detention[dI5tenF(E)n]n.拘留, 禁閉
難句突破
rity youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco.
主體句式：Minority youths are more than …
結構分析：這是一個比較長的簡單句。“more than twice as likely as their white counterparts”是一種表示倍數的表達方式;“to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults”不定式短語來修飾white counterparts; “according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute”是現在分詞做伴隨狀語;“a research center in San Francisco”是“the Justice Policy Institute”的同位語。
句子譯文：據舊金山一家研究中心—司法政策研究—上週發表的一項研究結果，在加州因暴力重罪嫌疑被捕進而移交到少年法庭系統作爲成人被審判的少數民族青少年的數量可能是白人少年的兩倍。
題目分析
1.答案爲C，屬推理判斷題。作者在第一段中進行對比，目的在於引出同一性質案例因爲對象不同，從而處理結果也不同這一論點。
2.答案爲B，屬事實細節題。原文對應信息是：“Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are, tried as adults”。其它選項意思與原文不符。
3.答案爲A ，屬猜詞題。從單詞所在的句子語境中，我們可以判斷skyrocket與accumulate的意思相近，並且程度更強。瞭解到這一點就不難作出選擇。
4.答案爲A，屬推理判斷題。原文相關信息是“The system, in essence, is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities”。
5.答案爲D，屬情感態度題。作者通篇都在闡述司法機關對有色人種青少年的不公正待遇。
參考譯文
把他們關起來!
一白人少年在他就讀的郊區中學販賣一袋可卡因。一拉丁美洲少年在其居住的市內社區也做同樣的事情。兩人都被抓。兩人都是初犯。白人少年在其父母、牧師、知名律師陪伴下走進少年法庭—他有醫療保險;而那個拉丁美洲少年卻只在他母親陪伴下來到法庭，沒有任何法律援助，也沒有什麼保險。法官讓白人少年隨家人回家，判他接受私下處理計劃監管。而那位少數民族少年則別無選擇。他被拘留了。
簡而言之，這樣的事情在少年法庭上越來越常見。據舊金山一家研究中心—司法政策研究—上週發表的一項研究結果，在加州因暴力重罪嫌疑被捕進而移交到少年法庭系統作爲成人被審判的少數民族青少年的數量可能是白人少年的兩倍。一旦被移交成人法庭，那些青少年黑人犯法者被送進監獄的可能性是白人的十八倍，美籍西班牙人是白人的八倍。 “司法系統對有色人種青少年的歧視每升一級都加一次碼，而這些年輕人一旦以成人的身份被審判的話，這種歧視便被極度升化，達到無以復加的地步。” 這項研究的合作者丹•麥卡萊爾(Dan Macallair)說，“加利福尼亞歷來奉行雙重標準：把犯罪的有色人種青少年投進監獄，但對犯有同等罪行的白人少年卻實行教育感化。”
正當青少年犯罪率從二十世紀九十年代初期的高峯開始下降的時候，常常成爲報刊頭條新聞的少數民族未成年人暴力犯罪強化了公衆的強硬態度。在過去六年中，四十三個州通過的法律使青少年以成人的身份受審變得更加易如反掌。1996年，美國德克薩斯州和康涅狄格州(這兩個州是唯一能收集到最近一年青少年犯罪記錄的州)的資料表明，在監獄服刑的所有青少年都是有色人種。司法政策研究所所長文森特•希拉迪(Vincent Schiraldi)承認，“有些青少年需要作爲成人進行審判，但是他們中大多數人是可以教育感化的。”
成人監獄經常虐待這些青少年。這些人自殺的可能性是少管所的罪犯的八倍，遭到性虐待的可能性是他們的五倍。華盛頓的一個改革團體—“審判項目組織”的女發言人Jenni Gainsborough認爲，“這些人一旦被釋放，他們往往會瘋狂作案，實施更多的暴力犯罪。” 這種體系實質上是在培養職業罪犯;對有色人種而言，它起的作用更糟。
考研英語法律類閱讀理解：TROUSER SUITThe European Court sides with Levi Strauss in its battle with Tesco
Dateline: New York
IT WAS a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit: Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.
Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15,000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks "creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance".
The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again.
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注(1)：本文選自Economist; 11/24/2001, Vol. 361 Issue 8249, p58, 1/2p
注(2)：本文習題命題模仿對象2001年真題text 5(其中因2001年真題text 5只有4個題目，所以本文第5題模仿參照對象爲1999年 Text 1的第4題。)
h of the following is not true according to Paragraph 1?
[A]Consumers and free traders were very angry.
[B]Only the Levi’s maker can decide the prices of the jeans.
[C] The ruling has protected Levi’s from price dumping.
[D] Levi’s jeans should be sold at a high price .
i’s success shows that _______.
[A]Gucci has successfully saved its own image.
[B] It has changed its fate with its own effort.
[C]Opening its own stores is the key to success.
[D] It should be the court’s duty to save its image.
word “specious”(line 12, paragraph 2) in the context probably means _______.
[A]responsible for oneself
[B] having too many doubts
[C] not as it seems to be
[D]raising misunderstanding
rding to the passage, the doomed fate of Levi’s is caused by such factors except that ________.
[A]the rivals are competitive
[B]it fails to command premium prices
[C]market forces have their own rules
[D]the court fails to give some help
author’s attitude towards Levi’s prospect seems to be _______.
[A] biased
[B] indifferent
[C] puzzling
[D] objective
答案：BBCDD
篇章剖析
本文的結構形式爲提出問題----分析問題。在第一段首先提出問題,指出歐洲法庭對特易購超市做出的裁決。第二段指出當事方對同一事件的不同看法和解釋。第三段指出爭論的核心問題在於是否應該藉助法庭達到一些商業目的，並以古奇(Gucci)爲例說明答案爲否定。第四段對利維(Levi’s)的前景做出了評價和分析。
詞彙註釋
seething [`si:TIN] adj.沸騰的, 火熱的
foul [faJl]adj.下流的，粗俗的：
segment [5se^mEnt]v.分割
innovation [InE5veIF(E)n] n.改革, 創新
specious [5spi:FEs] adj. 似是而非的; 似乎正確的，但實際卻是謬誤的
arbitrage [5B:bItrIdV] v. 套匯, 套利交易
with a vengeance [5vendVEns]猛烈地;極度地
licensing [5laIsEnsIN] n.註冊登記
discount [5dIskaJnt] n.折扣
resort [rI5zC:t] vi.求助, 訴諸
premium [5pri:mIEm] n.額外費用, 獎金, 獎賞, 保險費, (貨幣兌現的)貼水
難句突破
Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice.
主體句式：Levi Strauss persuaded that …
結構分析：that之後是一個賓語從句;by之後的句子做伴隨狀語來修飾賓語從句;賓語從句中which又引導了一個非限制性定語從句。
句子譯文：利維•斯圖爾斯公司使法庭相信，泰斯科把利維牛仔服與肥皂粉、香蕉等放在一起廉價銷售這一做法正在損害其形象，因而也影響到其品牌價位，這勢必會使產品缺乏新意，最終導致消費者可選範圍大大縮小。
題目分析
1.答案爲B，屬事實細節題。原文對應信息是“…should not be allowed … to sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker.”意思是“只有事先經過牛仔褲生產商的同意才能打折銷售。”是否只有生產商才能決定價格，我們不得而知。
2.答案爲B，屬推理判斷題。文中提到問題的實質是“whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this.”後又以古奇(Gucci) “saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.”爲例，說明它的成功並不是訴諸法庭，而是通過自身的努力和嘗試。
3.答案爲C ，屬猜詞題。第二段開頭提出了利維公司(Levi’s)對特易購(Tesco)的指責，後又提出了特易購的反駁意見，前後兩者之間的觀點應該是相反的。從而可猜出該詞的含義。
4.答案爲D，屬推理判斷題。原文對應信息是最後一段。
5.答案爲D，屬情感態度題。作者沒有任何偏頗的闡述整個事件。
參考譯文
衣褲套裝
在利維•斯圖爾斯公司同泰斯科連鎖超市的衝突中，歐洲法庭站在利維一邊
法庭的裁決使消費者感到義憤填膺，也使很多人認爲這對自由貿易者來說顯然是一樁違規裁決。11月20日，歐洲法庭對泰斯科(Tesco)這家英國連鎖超市做出瞭如下判決：泰斯科不能從歐盟之外的國家進口利維•斯圖爾斯公司生產的牛仔褲;未經牛仔製造商的許可，不得減價銷售。具有諷刺意味的是，這項裁決是根據一道歐盟商標指令做出的。該指令的目的在於保護本地、而非美國製造商免受價格傾銷造成的損害。其內涵是，任何一家擁有自己品牌的公司都可給自己的產品定位，並以適當的方式分割市場，比如利維牛仔褲，它必須像古姿(Gucci)牌手提包一樣高價銷售。
利維•斯圖爾斯公司使法庭相信，泰斯科把利維牛仔服與肥皂粉、香蕉等放在一起廉價銷售這一做法正在損害其形象，因而也影響到其品牌價位，這勢必會使產品缺乏新意，最終導致消費者可選範圍大大縮小。消費者團體和泰斯科卻認爲，利維公司一案(的判決)貌似有理，實則不然。泰斯科爭辯說，它只是從美國和歐洲銷售利維牛仔服裝的差價中套利。這是一種在金融市場天天進行上百萬次、並使消費者真正受益的商業行爲。泰斯科一直以低於利維•斯圖爾斯公司授權專賣店一半的價格每週銷售15,000條牛仔褲。泰斯科公司全球非食品類商品採購主管克里斯廷·克羅斯認爲，這一裁決會冒“設置歐洲堡壘”的巨大風險。
這場激烈的爭論還將繼續進行下去，所涉及的範圍將遠遠超出休閒服裝業(季諾·大衛多夫香水製造商也和利維·斯圖爾斯聯手起訴)。核心問題不在於品牌是否需要通過控制銷售方式來維護其形象，而在於法院是否有責任來幫助其達到這一目的。意大利品牌服飾公司古姿公司—由於許可經營管理鬆懈和其商品在折扣店裏過度曝光，其形象正在受到損害—並沒有依靠法庭，而是通過中止與第三方供應商的合同、更好的控制商品銷售，以及開專賣店等方式挽救了自己的命運。現在已經很難找到打折銷售古姿產品的地方了。
品牌專家認爲，利維•斯圖爾斯公司正在逐步喪失其市場佔有率，而讓位於像迪賽(Diesel)這樣市場信息頗爲靈通的競爭對手。利維•斯圖爾斯公司已無力控制品牌溢價。在市場機制的作用下，像利維這樣的一般品牌很有可能逐漸消失，進而被新的品牌所取代。由於其價格受到法庭保護，利維•斯圖爾斯公司可能會再維持一段時間，但是沒有任何一個法庭會使它起死回生，再度成爲知名品牌。
