大學英語說明文寫作指導
說明文是大學使用的一種寫作體裁，英語寫作中頻出不窮。下面是本站小編給大家整理的大學英語說明文寫作，供大家參閱!
說明文的出題形式爲文字提示或圖表，文體有報道、投稿、書信等。寫作步驟如下：
第一步：審題，確定主題句、主體時態(一般以現在時態爲主)和中心人稱;
第二步：在主題句後按提示順序將各要點以完整的句子表達出來;
第三步：用過渡詞將上下文的邏輯關係體現出來。
常用詞有：
①表示時間：now, then, afterwards, soon, five minutes later, before long, shortly after that, soon after supper, to this day, just now, just then
②表示順序、動作過程：first, firstly, first of all, second, secondly, at first, at last, next
③表示轉折：but, yet, and yet, however, although, otherwise, in spite of
④表示結果：thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately
⑤表示強調： above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, after all, without any delay, at least, at most
⑥表示並列： and, also, as well as, and then
⑦表示遞進： besides, what`s more, in addition, even, once more, what was worse
⑧表示解釋和說明： that is to say, namely, for example, actually, and so on, such as, believe it or not, to tell you the truth, according this, for this reason
⑨表示比較、對比： just like, just as, in the same way, more or less, sooner or later, on the contrary, on the other hand
⑩表示總結： finally, in conclusion, in a word, in general, generally speaking, in short, as you know, in the end
需要注意的是：使用上述過渡性詞必須根據上下文需要的原則，力求自然，決不可牽強附會，讓人感覺彆扭。
精選範文
以“早起是好習慣”爲題寫篇議論文。請圍繞以下幾點來寫：
①早起與健康;
②早起與學習;
③早起與一天的活動。
(字數80～120，要求自擬標題)
Getting Up Early Is a Good Habit
Getting up early is a good habit. It is very important to our health, our study, our life and so on. First, getting up early helps to keep us strong. We can do morning exercises in the open air in the morning and breathe fresh air to build our bodies. Second, getting up early helps us to memorize what we have learned in class by reading aloud in the morning. Third, getting up early can help us to find enough time to prepare our work o
大學英語說明文寫作指導說明文是以說明爲主要表達方式用來說明事物，闡明事理的一種文體。它通過揭示概念來說明事物的特徵、本質及其規律性，給人準確的科學知識或正確思想。一般可分爲實體事物說明和抽象事物說明兩大類，詞典、教材、論文、實驗報告、產品說明書、廣告、解說詞及科學小品等都屬於說明文。
按寫作方法,英語說明文主要分爲下面六種類型:
1.例證法
這是用具體例子來說明人或事物的特徵、本質及其規律的方法,所用例子必須有代表性、典型性,能體現人或事物的本質特徵。這是用特殊來說明一般的方法。通常在主題句後,用 For example 或 For instance 等短語引導出具體的例子。例如:
Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
這段主要是講能源問題。第一句爲主題句,概括地說出"我們目前的生活很大程度上依賴能源"。接着用舉例的方法從三方面說明能源的作用。
2.定義法
下定義就是給說明對象一個明確概念。這是科學而嚴密的說明方法。它既能揭示事物的本質特徵,勾勒其大概,描繪其輪廓,同時也能確定事物的範圍和界限。下定義是多方面的,可以給人、事物、思想等下定義。例如:
An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
本段的展開是通過對"一個模範教師"下定義的方法,關鍵詞"ideal teacher"在文中多次重複,能加深讀者的印象。
3.分類法
分類法是對同屬不同類或同類而不同種的人或事物,根據不同性質進行分門別類地說明的方法。分類是人類認識客觀世界的重要手段之一。分類必須遵守分類規則,使分類對象具有統一屬性,依據同一分類標準,並使分類的子項相互排斥,不互相包蘊。例如:
As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
本段把人按政治觀點分爲三類:保守派(conservative people)、自由派(liberal people)和溫和派(moderate people),並對他們各自的特徵進行了簡要的分析。
4.因果關係法
事物變化的原因和結果是緊密相關的。如果某個現象的存在必然引起另一個現象的發生,那麼,這兩個現象之間就具有因果關係。因果關係包括"由果推因"(由結果去推測原因)和"由因推果"(由原因去推測結果)兩種情況。因果關係符合人們的日常思維邏輯,因而在寫作中得到廣泛應用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, , the reason is that...等表示因果關係。例如:
Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New life bursts out everywhere. Plants wear a green coagain and colorful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan for outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.
第一句爲本段主題句,末句是總結句。在主題句後, 作者用了四個句子闡述自己喜歡春天的理由。
5.比較對照法
有意識地把兩種相反、相對的事物或同一事物相反、相對的兩個方面放在一起,用比較的方法加以描述或說明,指出其相同點,這種寫法叫做"比較";指出其不同點,叫做"對照"。比較和對照各有不同的側重,但兩種方法經常結合使用。
進行比較對照通常有兩種方式。第一種方式採用"先A後B"的結構,即A1,A2,A3...; B1, B2, B3...。第二種方式採用"AB交錯"結構,即A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3...。第一種方式採用先A後B的結構實際上是把一個段落(或一篇文章)分割爲兩部分,先全面講A,再全面講B,這樣做較難收到強烈的對比效果。多數人認爲第二種方式比較好,因爲把對比的雙方AB逐點交錯,可以避免行文的單調沉悶,對比的效果也會更鮮明突出。例如:
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointments publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
這段採用先A後B的對照方式,闡述勝利者和失敗者的不同特徵。這種寫法較易操作,但行文往往比較平淡單調。再來看看AB交錯的比較方式:
I like having a twin sister. When she’s happy, I’m happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel the same. Often, I know what she’s going to say. Sometimes, I know what she’s thinking. I like what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the same books.
這段採用AB交錯的比較方式,闡述孿生姐妹的相同特徵。這種寫法較流暢自然,給讀者的印象也更鮮明突出。
大學英語說明文寫作練習①某國際性英語刊物有一個介紹各國風俗習慣的專欄，請爲該專欄寫一篇短文，簡單介紹中國的農曆新年(春節)。請包括以下要點：
a.春節是中國人的重要節日;
b.春節在哪一天(農曆：the lunar calendar);
c.除夕一家人吃團圓飯(have a…feast);
d.守歲爆竹迎新年(爆竹 firecracker);
e.大年初一親朋好友拜年(exchange…greetings);
f.孩子們的壓歲錢(lucky money);
g.獅子舞及其他節目(lion dances and others performances)，是節日不可少的活動內容，要延續三天。
(字數80～120)
②年末將至，某英文報紙開辦“99回顧”專欄，就一年中的10件大事做總結性報道。報社請你對夏季的特大洪災進行簡要評述(第一句已給出)。
性質
a.本世紀最嚴重的一次;
b.損失嚴重(舉例：農田、房屋、災民)。
原因
a.連月降雨;
b.濫伐林木，水土流失;
c.圍湖造田，堵塞河道(waterway)。
防範措施
a.保護沿河植被;
b.改建堤壩;
c.退田還湖。
難點說明：
用詞達意：損失嚴重，圍湖造田，退田還湖。
時態變化：以一般過去時和現在完成時爲主，考慮到實際情況，還應使用過去完成時。
句子結構：注意句子結構的完整、主語的選擇、被動語態的使用和舉例部分的完整表達。
文章組織：分三段寫，注意每段主題句的選擇。
參考詞語
引起損失cause losses
無家可歸become homeless
圍湖造田turn lakes into fields
③根據以下提示寫一篇有關交通事故的報道。
(字數：90～100)。
提示：
a.時間：昨天;
b.地點：市中心大街第二個拐角處;
c.原因：卡車司機開車前飲酒，開車時頭暈，車失控撞翻一小汽車;
d.傷亡人數：5人死亡，部分人受傷;
e.影響：市區交通中斷3小時;
f.經濟損失：200萬元;
g.市政府告誡司機要從事故中吸取教訓。
參考詞語
頭暈dizzy
經濟損失economic losses
市中心downtown
中斷交通to delay all traffic
飲酒過多to have too much wine
吸取教訓to learn a
lesson
但是你認爲目前考試太多，又很難考及格，使我們對學習失去了興趣，也沒有時間參加體育活動，我們的健康受到了損害。是到了改進考試的時候了。(字數：80～120)
