知識武裝的大腦究竟多有魅力？看看今年諾獎的女性得主們

10月是諾貝爾獎的頒獎月，物理學、化學、以及文學獎都有女性獲獎者的身影。

她們的科學或文學成就已經有非常多解讀了。今天，小編帶你聽一聽她們的成長與態度。

Andrea M. Ghez

物理學

今年諾貝爾物理學獎有三位得主，他們都因爲在黑洞領域的研究而獲得了該獎。

Three scientists won this year’s Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for advancing our understanding of black holes, the all-consuming monsters that lurk in the darkest parts of the universe.

三位科學家於週二獲得了今年的諾貝爾物理學獎，獎勵他們增進了我們對黑洞的理解——黑洞是潛伏在宇宙最黑暗部分的一種吸收一切的怪物。

其中，女科學家Andrea Ghez於1987年從麻省理工學院本科畢業，之後又在1992年從加州理工學院獲得了博士學位。她是因爲觀測銀河系中心的黑洞而與研究同事共享了獎項。

她年幼時因爲目睹了NASA的阿波羅探月發射計劃，再加上基礎教育時期碰到了非常有模範作用的老師，激起了她對於數學和科學的熱情。

One of them was high school chemistry teacher Judith Keane, who recalled Ghez as an “exceptionally brilliant student.” “I am especially proud that Andrea continues to take such a strong interest in teaching and mentoring her own students, especially the girls.” said Keane, 80.

其中一位是高中化學老師朱迪思·基恩，她回憶起蓋茲是一個“非常出色的學生”，“我特別自豪的是，安德烈婭繼續對自己的學生，特別是女孩們的教學和指導產生如此強烈的興趣。”80歲的基恩說。

In a 2006 interview with PBS, Ghez said of Keane: “She was one of the only female science teachers I ever had, and she was incredibly encouraging. I think it was important for me to see, very early on, a woman in this role.”

在2006年接受美國公共廣播公司（PBS）採訪時，蓋茲談到基恩時說：“她是我見過的唯一一位女性科學教師，難以想象她當時那麼鼓勵我。我認爲在少時能看到一位女性承擔鼓勵科學的角色對我來說很重要。”

她的公開發言十分有趣。談到如何解釋黑洞給公衆聽，她也表示撓頭。

We have this interesting problem with black holes. What is a black hole? It is a region of space where you have mass that's confined to zero volume, which means that the density is infinitely large, which means we have no way of describing, really, what a black hole is!

黑洞這個問題就很有趣。什麼是黑洞？是一個空間區域，其中質量被限制在零體積，這意味着密度是無限大的，同時也意味着我們真的沒辦法描述黑洞是什麼！

聊到科學研究的趣味，她認爲就是不斷地提出問題然後在探索過程中發現新的問題。迎難而上是她的態度。

The question that I started off with was, I thought, very simple. It was just 'Is there a massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way?' But one of the things I love about science is that you always end up with new questions. “Black holes, because they are so hard to understand, is what makes them so appealing,’’ Ghez told The Associated Press. “I really think of science as a big, giant puzzle.”

我開始的問題，我想非常簡單，就是“銀河系中心有沒有一個巨大的黑洞？”但我喜歡科學的一點就是你總是以新問題告終。“因爲黑洞很難理解，所以它們才如此吸引人。我真的認爲科學是一個巨大的謎題。” 蓋茲接受美聯社採訪時說。

令人驚訝的還有，Ghez是有史以來第四位獲得諾貝爾物理學獎的女性。1903年第一次獲得該獎的是大名鼎鼎的居里夫人。

Ghez is the fourth woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for physics, after Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1963, and Donna Strickland in 2018.

我開始的問題，我想非常簡單，就是“銀河系中心有沒有一個巨大的黑洞？”但我喜歡科學的一點就是你總是以新問題告終。“因爲黑洞很難理解，所以它們才如此吸引人。我真的認爲科學是一個巨大的謎題。” 蓋茲接受美聯社採訪時說。

當然，她也希望自己能夠激勵年輕一代的科研女孩——科研樂趣無窮，諸事等你完成。

Ghez is the fourth woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for physics, after Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1963, and Donna Strickland in 2018.

蓋茲表示：“我希望我能激勵其他年輕女性進入這個領域。這是一個有很多樂趣的領域。如果你對科學充滿熱情，你可以做很多事情。”

Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier

化學

今年的諾貝爾化學獎得主是兩位女性Jennifer Doudna和Emmanuelle Charpentier，她們因爲在基因編輯領域的技術突破而獲獎。

Biochemist Jennifer Doudna won the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry, sharing it with colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier for the co-development of CRISPR-Cas9, a genome editing breakthrough that has revolutionized biomedicine. Charpentier, 51, and Doudna, 56, are just the sixth and seventh women to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

生物化學家詹妮弗·杜德納與同事埃馬紐埃爾·卡彭蒂耶一起獲得了2020年諾貝爾化學獎，她們共同開發了CRISPR-Cas9，這是一項基因組編輯方面的突破性進展，它使得生物醫學發生了革命性的變化。51歲的卡彭蒂耶和56歲的杜德納分別是第六和第七位獲得諾貝爾化學獎的女性。

Doudna出生於華盛頓特區，卻在夏威夷長大，高中的時候就展露了對化學的濃厚興趣。本科學校不算大名鼎鼎，但優秀的她獲得了哈佛大學醫學院的進修機會並於1989年獲得了博士學位。畢業後先是在耶魯大學任教，2002年就去到了現在的大學——加州大學伯克利分校。

Doudna lives in Berkeley with her husband, Jamie Cate, a UC Berkeley professor of molecular and cell biology, and their son, Andrew.

杜德納和她的丈夫Jamie Cate（加州大學伯克利分校的分子和細胞生物學教授）以及他們的兒子安德魯住在伯克利。

有趣的是，諾獎宣佈結果的時候，Doudna正在睡覺，凌晨被電話吵醒的她甚至以爲是別人獲了獎。

UC Berkeley校園新聞團隊於諾獎結果宣佈後的兩小時之後抵達了Doudna的住處，在他們的鏡頭中，早上5:15分Doudna接聽了友人的電話，對方恭喜了她，以下是他們的對話：

BOB: Jennifer

鮑：詹妮弗

DOUDNA: Bob, Good morning.

杜：鮑勃，早上好。

BOB: Good morning, congratulations!

鮑：早上好，恭喜！

DOUDNA: Thank you so much!

杜：謝謝你！

BOB: When did you find out about this thing?

鮑：你什麼時候知道結果的？

DOUDNA: Well, uh, about 2:53. I think it was the moment because I was literally sound asleep, and the phone rang. I saw it was a reporter who I know, you know, I picked it up and she said “Hi, this is Heidi, calling from Nature, I wanted to get some comments on the Nobel.” And I thought she was calling to ask me to comment on somebody else wining the Nobel. So I, and I was, you know, just really dead asleep. And I said oh Heidi, gosh, I haven’t even had time to look at anything yet and she said oh my gosh you don’t know. And I said “know what?” And she said “you won the Nobel Prize!”

杜：呃，應該是2:53.我覺得是這個時間，因爲我真的睡得很熟，然後電話就響了。我看到是我認識的一個記者，然後我就接了電話，她說“你好，我是《自然》雜誌的海蒂，我想請你對諾獎的頒發發表下看法。”我以爲她是打電話來叫我評論下別的候選人獲獎的事情。所以我，你懂的，我實在睡太熟了。我說“噢海蒂啊，天吶，我還沒找着時間看點東西做些功課呢。”然後她說“天吶你居然不知道？”我說“知道什麼？”然後她說“你得諾貝爾獎啦！”

BOB: What did you think about this? What’s the significance? This is the first Nobel Prize given only to women.

鮑：你覺得這件事，這個重要性，這是諾貝爾化學獎第一次頒發給全部是女性的獲獎者，你怎麼看？

DOUDNA: Is that true?

杜：真的嗎？

BOB: yes.

鮑：是啊。

DOUDNA: Ever?

杜：有史以來？

BOB: Ever.

鮑：有史以來。

DOUDNA: Ever? (giggle) My feeling is that I think among women and girls that … you know, sometimes there’s a sense that no matter what they do, that their work will not be recognized the way it would be if they were a man. And um, and I just, I hope that this prize and this recognition changes that at least a little bit.

杜：從未有過？（笑）我覺得女人也好女孩兒也罷，你懂的，有時候就是覺得不管她們怎麼努力，她們的成果都不會像男性那樣獲得認可。我希望這個獎和這份認可能夠改變這個現狀，哪怕改變一點點。

Doudna說自己在求學路上曾是那種別人眼中的異類(outcast)，遭受排擠。

I was kind of a nerdy, geeky type. And I loved math. People teased me about it. I felt pretty much like an outcast. [And I think] one of the problems in the biotech world is the lack of women in leadership roles, and I'd like to see that change by walking the walk.

我曾經是那種很書呆子，很極客的那種人。我又很喜歡數學。然後有人就取笑我。我覺得自己老是遭受排擠。[我認爲]生物技術領域的衆多問題之一就是領導層缺乏女性，而且我樂於身體力行讓改變發生。

Doudna在接受《國家地理》雜誌採訪時被問到：

What advice would you give to young women today?

有什麼建議給到今天的年輕女性？

她回答說：

First: walk into a room like you own the place. A man would do that without com-punction. The other thing I tell them is to choose your life partner wisely. Having a part¬ner in life who is supportive of you—of deci¬sions about children, about careers, about lifestyle—goes a long way in enabling women to achieve their full potential.

第一：走進房間時要覺得你是房間的主角，一個男的可以毫無內疚的做到這一點。另外我還想告訴她們，選擇伴侶時要帶腦子。有一個支持你的伴侶——無論是支持你的生育決定、事業選擇、還是生活方式等等——都會非常大程度地幫助到女性開發自己的潛能。

與Doudna分享獎項的Charpentier在接受採訪時也傳遞了類似的鼓勵信息：

Charpentier told the news conference by phone that she hopes the prize encourages girls to pursue science. “I wish that this will provide a positive message … to show them in principle woman in science can also be awarded prizes but more importantly, women in science can also have an impact for the research they’re performing,” she said.

卡彭蒂耶在電話發佈會上說，她希望這個獎項能鼓勵女孩們追求科學。她說：“我希望這將提供一個積極的信息……向她們表明，理論上，科學界的女性也可以獲得獎項，但更重要的是，科學界的女性也可以對她們正在進行的研究產生影響”。

另外，文學獎的獲獎者也是一名女性——美國詩人Louise Glück.

The poet Louise Glück has become the first American woman to win the Nobel prize for literature in 27 years. Glück, cited for “her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal”, is the 16th woman to win the Nobel.

詩人露易絲·格麗克成爲27年來首位獲得諾貝爾文學獎的美國女性。她也是第16位獲得諾貝爾文學獎的女性，諾獎委員會稱她以“樸實無華的詩意之聲，讓個體的存在普世化”。