海水淡化:有望解決沿海未來淡水資源短缺

More government support, including subsidies and a favorable pricing mechanism, is neededfor the country to use desalinated seawater to quench its thirst, a top industry expert said.
"The lack of an effective pricing mechanism for desalinated water and support for an operablepolicy is affecting the development of the country's sea desalination industry," said Li Linmei,director of the State Oceanic Administration's Institute of Seawater Desalination andMultipurpose Utilization in Tianjin.
The country aims to produce 2.2 million cubic meters of desalinated seawater daily in 2015,about three times current capacity, according to a National Development and ReformCommission plan released last year.
Current domestic water prices range from 2.4 yuan to 4.9 yuan a metric ton in the coastalregions, while the price of water for industry ranges from 3.3 yuan to 7.9 yuan a ton, accordingto ChinaWaterNet.
However, desalination plants can produce 674,000 tons daily at a cost of about 5 yuan ($0.80)a ton - not including infrastructure such as pipelines.
Li said the government should consider bringing desalinated water into the water grid.
Aside from subsidies and funding for pilot programs, Li believes desalination is a key part ofwater security.

儘管中國已將海水淡化視爲解決沿海未來淡水資源短缺的措施之一，但是業內專家認爲，淡化水的廣泛應用仍存在一定難度。
國家海洋局天津海水淡化與綜合利用研究所所長李琳梅在接受本報專訪時指出，“尚未形成有效淡化水價格機制以及缺乏具體可操作的優惠政策在一定程度上影響了中國海水淡化產業的發展。”
相關數據顯示，我國海水淡化裝機能力爲67.4m3/d，海水淡化水綜合成本價格約爲5元/噸左右。
中國水網顯示目前我國沿海居民生活用水價格介於爲2.4元/噸~4.9元/噸；工業用水價格3.3元/噸~7.85元/噸。與自來水相比，淡化水顯然沒有價格優勢。
李琳梅提出，爲了促進中國海水淡化產業的發展，國家首先要將海水淡化水視爲保障國家水資源安全的重要組成，將淡化水納入國家水資源配置體系和區域水資源規劃。同時，政府應爲公益性海水淡化工程提供補貼。
"The seawater desalination industry is as important as water conservancy projects for China tocope with its water shortage," Li said.
China suffers from severe water shortages, nearly 54 billion cubic meters on average everyyear. This means that more than 66 percent of cities experience water shortages.
To compound that difficulty, water consumption is expected to surge to about 700 billion cubicmeters in 2030, up from 600 billion cubic meters.

根據去年國家發展改革委員會發布的《海水淡化產業發展“十二五”規劃》，到2015年，海水淡化產能規模將達到220萬立方米/日以上，約爲目前產能的3倍。
該規劃還提出，到2015年，海水淡化對解決海島新增供水量的貢獻率達到50%以上，對沿海缺水地區新增工業供水量的貢獻率達到15%以上。
李琳梅指出，目前中國海水淡化技術發展已基本成熟，但其市場的培育和發展需要實質性的產業政策支持。
她認爲國家財政應設立專項資金，用於支持具有自主創新的海水淡化技術及其規模化示範的試點項目。
李琳梅說：“作爲中國應對水資源短缺的措施，海水淡化與水資源保護同等重要。”
根據水利部發布的統計數據，我國年平均缺水量接近540億立方米，66%以上的城市受到水資源短缺的困擾。
水資源缺口仍在不斷擴大。到2030年，年水資源消耗量將由目前的600億立方米增至7000億立方米。
Facing such a severe shortage, authorities are taking measures.
In March, the NDRC identified the regions and companies selected to carry out the firstdesalination projects, including heavily populated areas such as Zhejiang and Hebei provinces,and the municipalities of Shenzhen and Tianjin.
The commission asked regions and companies to encourage desalinated water use forindustrial and domestic purposes.
The industry is expected to get a 10-billion-yuan boost from the plan.
Li said the policy showed the country's determination and confidence in boosting the industry.

面對如此嚴峻的水資源短缺，國家開始採取措施以推動海水淡化產業發展。
三月份，國家發改委公佈了第一批海水淡化工程試點區域和企業，浙江、河北、深圳和天津均榜上有名。
發改委要求試點區域和企業積極促進將淡化水應用於工業和住宅。
國家發改委預計，海水淡化設備的快速發展將使該行業年均增長達10億元。
李琳梅說，這些政策初步顯示了國家推動海水淡化產業發展的決心和信心。
Key technology
Reverse osmosis technology and other areas of development vital for desalination have beenmastered, Li said.
Osmosis technology pushes water under high pressure through fine membranes, filtering thesalt.
Coupled with the distilling process of high-pressure steam and evaporators, this means that thetechnology is, in more ways than one, on tap.
The country has 16 seawater desalination plants with a daily capacity of more than 10,000metric tons of fresh water, according to the NDRC.

"Although we have made great progress in technology, large-scale plants in China still dependon foreign technology," Li said.

中國海水淡化技術
李琳梅說，經過50多年的研究，我國已經掌握了反滲透海水淡化技術和低溫多效蒸餾海水淡化技術。
反滲透技術利用高壓推動水通過膜分離出鹽，而低溫多效蒸餾則由多級組成，通過利用低壓蒸汽以產生高純水。
國家發改委表示，2012年我國產水量高於10000立方米/天的海水淡化工程有16個。
“儘管我們在海水淡化技術領域已經取得了長足的進步，但目前國內大型海水淡化工程仍主要使用國外技術。”李琳梅這樣表示。將國產海水淡化技術應用於工程實踐，是提高我國海水淡化自主創新能力的關鍵。
Desalination is used in more than 150 countries to supply water to more than 200 millionpeople.
The Tianjin Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization is strengtheninginternational cooperation to raise China's domestic seawater desalination technology and boostexports, Li said.
There are concerns about the potential environmental effects of large-scale seawaterdesalination plants, especially wastewater discharges.
Li said the government should launch an environmental assessment before any major upgrade.
至2010年，海水淡化工程已被應用於世界上150多個國家，解決了2億多人的飲水問題。
李琳梅說，目前淡化所正積極開展國際合作，以提升我國自主海水淡化技術在國際市場中的地位，促進國產淡化設備大規模向國外輸出。
面對迅速發展的中國海水淡化產業，也有人對大規模海水淡化工程的潛在環境影響表示擔憂。因爲濃海水排放可能會影響臨海水域的水質，引起受納海域鹽度、溫度的升高。
李琳梅表示政府應對高鹽度濃海水的排放進行環境影響評估，並提供排放標準。