美國的製糖業是如何嫁禍脂肪的

The sugar industry paid scientists in the 1960s to downplay the link between sugar and heart disease and promote saturated fat as the culprit instead, newly released historical documents show.

新發布的歷史文檔顯示，製糖業曾在上世紀60年代付錢給一些科學家，讓他們淡化糖類和心臟病之間的聯繫，並把飽和脂肪推爲罪魁禍首。

The internal sugar industry documents, recently discovered by a researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, and published Monday in JAMA Internal Medicine, suggest that five decades of research into the role of nutrition and heart disease — including many of today’s dietary recommendations — may have been largely shaped by the sugar industry.

製糖業的這些內部文件，由加州大學舊金山分校（University of California, San Francisco，簡稱UCSF）的一名研究人員在不久前發現，並於週一發表在了《美國醫學會期刊：內科學》(JAMA Internal Medicine)上。文件顯示，長達50年的關於營養物的作用與心臟病之間關係的研究——包括今天的許多膳食建議——也許基本是由製糖業塑造的。

They were able to derail the discussion about sugar for decades, said Stanton Glantz, a professor of medicine at UCSF and an author of the new JAMA paper.

他們讓關於糖類的討論在數十年裏偏離了軌道，UCSF醫學教授、《美國醫學會期刊》新發表的那篇論文的作者斯坦頓•格蘭茲(Stanton Glantz)說。

The documents show that a trade group called the Sugar Research Foundation, known today as the Sugar Association, paid three Harvard scientists the equivalent of about $50,000 in today’s dollars to publish a 1967 review of sugar, fat and heart research.

這些文件顯示，一個名叫糖業研究基金會(Sugar Research Foundation)的貿易團體，也就是今天的糖業協會(Sugar Association)，付給哈佛的三位科學家一筆資金——約合今天的5萬美元——讓他們在1967年發表了一篇關於糖類、脂肪和心臟研究的綜述文章。

The studies used in the review were hand-picked by the sugar group, and the article, which was published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine, minimized the link between sugar and heart health and cast aspersions on the role of saturated fat.

綜述中引用的研究成果由這個糖業團體欽點，文章發表在頗具聲望的《新英格蘭醫學雜誌》(England Journal of Medicine)上，極力淡化了糖類和心臟健康之間的聯繫，並將飽和脂肪所起的作用污名化。

The Harvard scientists and the sugar executives with whom they collaborated are no longer alive.

哈佛的這幾名科學家以及與他們合作的糖業高管均已去世。

One of the scientists who was paid by the sugar industry was D. Mark Hegsted, who went on to become head of nutrition at the Agriculture Department, where in 1977 he helped draft the forerunner to the federal government’s dietary guidelines.

其中一名從製糖業那裏得到資金支持的科學家是D•馬克•赫格斯特(D. Mark Hegsted)，他後來當上了農業部營養部門的負責人，並在1977年幫忙起草了聯邦政府的第一版膳食指南。

In a statement responding to the JAMA report, the Sugar Association said the 1967 review was published at a time when medical journals didn’t typically require researchers to disclose funding sources or potential financial conflicts of interest.

作爲對《美國醫學會期刊》所發文章的迴應，糖業協會發聲明稱，在1967年的綜述論文發表出來的那個時代，醫學期刊通常不要求研究人員披露資金來源或潛在的經濟利益衝突。

The New England Journal of Medicine did not begin to require financial disclosures until 1984.

《新英格蘭醫學雜誌》直到1984年纔要求披露資助信息。

The industry should have exercised greater transparency in all of its research activities, the Sugar Association statement said.

糖業協會在聲明中稱，行業的所有研究活動本應更加透明。

Even so, it defended industry-funded research as playing an important and informative role in scientific debate.

儘管如此，它依然爲得到行業資助的研究做出辯護，說這些研究在科學討論中發揮着重要的傳遞信息作用。

It said that several decades of research had concluded that sugar does not have a unique role in heart disease.

它表示，長達數十年的研究表明，糖類在心臟病中扮演的角色並不獨特。