初中生英語美文摘抄

美文就是語句非常優美的文章。美文之美 ,是指形式美,包括遣詞造句、音韻節律,品讀再三,如行山陰道上,美不勝收。本站小編分享初中生英語美文，希望可以幫助大家!

　　初中生英語美文：Oil Refining

An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil war. Crude oil, or petroleum – a dark, thick ooze from the earth – had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it. In the 1850’s Samuel M. Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene. Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.

Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get. Soon there was a large demand for kerosene. People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.

The first oil well was drilled by E.L. Drake, a retired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it “ Drake’s Folly”. But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters), Drake struck oil. His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.

News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene. By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for “ black gold” all over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.

Crude oil could be refined into many products. For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door. In the 1880’s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.

煉油

一種重要的新興工業--煉油業在國內戰爭後成長起來。未加工的石油，或原油--一種深色的地下的稠漿--數百年來一直爲大衆所知，但是人們卻很少使用過它。

在十九世紀五十年代，薩繆爾?M?科爾，賓西法尼亞西部的一位製造商，開始從當地的溢出物中收集石油

並將它煉成煤油。與冶煉礦石一樣，石油提煉是一個從未加工的原料中除去雜質的過程。煤油被用來點燈。

它是鯨油的一種便宜的替代品，而鯨油正變得越來越難以獲得。不久就產生了對煤油的大量需求。人們開始尋找新的石油供應。第一口油井爲E?L?瑞克，一個退休的火車檢票員所鑽得。1859年他開始在賓西法尼亞的泰特斯維爾鑽井。整個的這項冒險事業看起來是如此不現實和愚蠢以致旁觀者稱之爲"鴨子的蠢行"。(譯者注：Drake'sFolly,drake

在這裏意含雙關，即指瑞克的名字，又指該詞的本義即鴨子。)但當瑞克往下鑽至70英尺(21米)的時候，他發現了石油。他的油井從此每天生產20桶原油。瑞克成功的消息將石油勘探者們吸引到現場。截止到19世紀60年代早期，這些冒險者爲尋找"黑色的金子"鑽探遍了整個賓西法尼亞西部。這項繁榮的事業在刺激性和粗獷的西部氣氛上可與1848年的加州淘金熱相媲美，而且它爲勘探者帶來了遠超過淘金潮的財富。原油能被提煉成許多產品。多年以來煤油一直是主要的一種產品。

它在雜貨店中出售由人挨戶推銷。19世紀八十九十年代煉油者們懂得了生產其它石油產品，如蠟和潤滑油。那時石油還沒有被用來製造汽油或採暖裝置用油。

　　初中生英語美文：Raising Oysters

In the oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes- by transplanting them. First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about. Next, they ”planted” fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae. The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom. There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat. The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food. Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.

Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people’s needs. But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance. The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.

Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900’s marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food. So they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to work. But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs. They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae. And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions. They failed, but they doggedly kept at it. Finally, in the 1940’s a significant breakthrough was made.

The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring. Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat. Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures. In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!

飼養牡蠣

過去人們飼養牡蠣的方式很大程度上類似於田地裏的農夫種植蕃茄--通過移植來飼養它們。

首先，農夫選好牡蠣苗牀，清除底部的舊殼和其它雜物，然後四處撒播乾淨的殼。接着，他們"栽種"已受精的牡蠣卵。這些卵在2～3周內會孵化成幼貝。

幼貝一直漂流直到粘在苗牀底部乾淨的殼上爲止。它們會呆在那兒並逐漸長成小牡蠣。我們稱之爲種子或貝

苗。貝苗吸進海水中的微小生物作爲食物從而越長越大。不久之後，農夫將這些小牡蠣收

集起來，把它們移種進其他的水域加快其生長，然後再次將它們移種進另外的水域以使其肥壯起來。直到最近，野生的以及人工飼養的牡蠣完全能夠滿足人們的需要。

但是今天這種可口的海味已不再大量存在。這個問題已經變得如此嚴重以至於一些牡蠣苗牀已完全消失。幸運的是，早在20世紀初期海洋生物學家們就意識到如果不採取新的措施，牡蠣將會滅絕或至少會變爲一種奢侈的食品。因此他們建造了裝備良好的孵卵場所並開始工作。但是他們尚沒有適當的裝置或技術來處理牡蠣卵。他們不知道何時、用什麼以及如何餵養幼貝。他們對捕食數百萬幼小牡蠣的動物天敵也所知無幾。

他們失敗了，但他們頑強地堅持了下來。終於，在20世紀40年代，一個重要的突破性的進展產生了。海洋生物學家發現，升高水溫能夠誘導牡蠣不僅在夏季也在秋季、冬季和春季裏產卵。後來他們發展了一項技術來餵養幼貝至其長成貝苗。

他們進一步成功地培養出了新的品種，可以抵抗疾病、長得更快、更大並且在不同的鹽度和溫度的水中都能茁壯生長。此外，這些培殖出的牡蠣口感更佳!

　　初中生英語美文：Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading

The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes all the crust and part of the underlying mantle. The lithosphere(n.[地]岩石圈)is divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes, in general the plates are in motion with respect to one another. A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plates where new lithospheric material is injected from below. As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere.

Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere. The site of this destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone. There one plate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle. Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems, earthquakes and volcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed at the two boundaries are quite different.

The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics. In its original version, in the early 1960’s, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but it did not specify rigid lithospheric plates. The hypothesis was substantiated soon afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field are recorded in the oceanic crust. As magma rises under the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become magnetized in the direction of the magma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field. When the magma cools and solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the magnetized volcanic rock. Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift. The oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently; the width of the stripes indicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.

板塊結構與海牀擴展

板塊結構理論描述岩石圈的運動。岩石圈是相對堅硬的地球外層，包括全部地殼和部分地幔。

岩石圈被劃分爲幾十個大小不同形狀各異的板塊，一般而言這些板塊都處於相對運動之中。一道中海脊是板塊之間的邊界，在那裏新的岩石圈的物質從下部注入。

當板塊從中海脊脫離時，它們滑向在岩石圈基部較易變形的地層上。因爲地球的大小本質上是不

變的，只有同等數量的岩石圈物質在其它地方被吞沒，新的岩石圈才能生成。銷燬舊岩石

圈的地方形成另外一種板塊邊界：一塊潛沒的區域。在這裏，一塊板塊潛沒到另一板塊的邊緣之下並結合入地幔之中。

兩種板塊邊界均與地層系統、地震以及火山活動有關，但在兩種邊界處觀察到的諸般地質活動卻迥然不同。海牀擴展說實際上早於板塊結構理論。在20世紀60年代它的理論雛形中，描述了海底的生成和毀滅，但沒有詳細介紹堅硬的岩石圈板塊。這個假定不久之後爲發現所證實。

該發現表明地球磁場週期性的逆轉被記錄在海洋地殼中。當岩漿從中海脊下涌起的時候，岩漿中的磁鐵礦物質按地磁場的方向被磁化。岩漿冷卻並凝固下來後，地磁場的方向和磁極被保留在磁化了的火山岩中。磁場的逆轉形成一系列與斷層軸線平行的條形磁區。

這樣海洋殼就扮演了磁帶的角色，記錄下可以鑑定時間的地磁場的歷史。條形磁區的寬度表明了海底擴展的速度。

看了“初中生英語美文”的人還看了：

1.優秀初中生英語美文摘抄

2.初中生英語美文摘抄大全

3.初中生英語美文摘抄

4.初中生英語美文摘抄精選

5.初中生經典英語美文摘抄