值得背誦的英語文章
在國際政治、軍事、經濟、科技、文化、貿易、交通運輸等領域，英語是一個重要的交際工具。學好英語具有重要大的現實意義和深遠的歷史意義。下面是本站小編帶來的值得背誦的英語文章，歡迎閱讀!
值得背誦的英語文章1
Henry Ford
Although Henry Ford’s name is closely associated with the concept of mass production, he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today’s standards. Safety measures were improved, and the work day was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour day common at the time. In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three shifts.
In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were instituted. The Ford Motor Company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants. Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former convicts.
The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions. Ford explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing. He also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced – in effect creating a market for the product. In order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness, industriousness, and dependability. Although some criticism was directed at Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees, there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many people to establish themselves in America.
亨利.福特
儘管亨利.福特的名字和大生產的概念相連，但他在勞工保護上得到同樣的讚譽，因爲他早在1913年便實行了用今天的標準來衡量依然是先進的標準。安全措施得到改進，日工作時間從當時普遍的10或12小時減少到8小時。爲了適應更短的日工作時間，整個工廠從雙班變成了三班。
而且，病假和改善了的工傷醫療得以制度化。福特汽車公司是最早建立技術學校來培訓專門技工和爲移民開設英語學校的工廠之一。公司甚至爲僱傭殘疾人和有前科的人而作出了一些努力。
最受廣泛稱讚的革新是實行五美元一天的最低工資。其目的是招收和留住那些最好的技工並阻礙工會的發展。福特從效率和利潤分享的角度來解釋這項新的工資政策。他也提到這樣一個事實，他的員工可以買他們生產的汽車--這實際上是爲其產品另開闢了一個市場。爲了夠資格得到最低工資，員工必須建立一個得體的家庭並顯示出良好的個人習慣，包括節制、儉省、勤勉和可靠。雖然有人批評福特過多地干涉了員工的私人生活，但毫無疑問，在移民們被用惡劣的方式剝削的時代，亨利.福特卻幫助了許多人在美國紮下根來。
值得背誦的英語文章2
he origin of Refrigerators
By the mid-nineteenth century, the term “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War( 1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
冰箱的由來
直到19世紀中期，"冰箱"這個名詞才進入了美國語言，但冰僅僅只是開始影響美國普通市民的飲食。冰的買賣隨着城市的發展而發展。冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用於肉、魚和黃油的保鮮。內戰(1861-1865)之後，冰被用於冷藏貨車，同時也進入了民用。甚至在1880年前，半數在紐約、費城和巴爾的摩銷售的冰，三分之一
在波士頓和芝加哥銷售的冰進入家庭使用，因爲一種新的家庭設備，冰箱，即現代冰箱的前身，被髮明瞭。
製造一臺有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那麼簡單。19世紀早期，關於對冷藏科學至關重要的熱物理知識是很淺陋的。認爲最好的冰箱應該防止冰的融化這樣一個普遍的觀點顯然是錯誤的，因爲正是冰的融化起了製冷作用。早期爲節省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起來，使得冰不能發揮它的作用。直到近19世紀末，發明家們才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環的精確平衡。
但早在1803年，一位有發明天才的馬里蘭農場主，托馬斯莫爾，找到了正確方法。他擁有一個農場，離華盛頓約20英里，那裏的喬治鎮村莊是集市中心。當他用自己設計的冰箱運送黃油去市場時，他發現顧客們會走過裝在競爭者桶裏那些迅速融化的黃油，而給他比市價更高的價格買他仍然新鮮堅硬、整齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。莫爾說他的冰箱的一個好處是使得農民們不必在夜裏上路去市場以保持他們產品的低溫。
值得背誦的英語文章3
Scientific Theories
In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientist’s predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.
Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, “Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.”
Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.
科學理論
在科學中，理論是對所觀察到的相關事件的合理解釋。理論通常包含一個虛構的模型，這個模型幫助科學家構想所觀察到的事件是如何發生的。分子運動理論便是我們能找到的一個很好的例子。在這個理論中，氣體被描繪成由許多不斷運動的小顆粒組成。
一個有用的理論，除了能夠解釋過去的觀測，還有助於預測那些未被觀測到的事件。一個理論公開後，科學家們設計實驗來檢驗這個理論。如果觀察證實了科學家的預言，這個理論則得到了驗證。如果觀察不能證實科學家的預言，科學家就必須進一步的研究。或許是實驗存在錯誤，或許是這個理論必須被修改或拋棄。
科學家除了收集信息和操作實驗外還需要想象能力和創造性思維。事實本身並不是科學。正如數學家喬斯亨利波恩克爾所說："科學建立在事實之上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但事實的收集不能被稱作科學，就像一堆磚不能被叫作房子一樣。”
"多數科學家通過找出別的科學家在一個特定問題上的所知來開始研究。在收集了已知事實之後，科學家開始了研究中需要相當想象力的部分。他們爾後擬訂對這個問題的可行的解決方法。這些可行的解決方式被稱爲假設。在某種意義上，任何假設都是向未知的跳躍。它使科學家的思維超越已知事實。科學家計劃實驗、計算、觀測以檢驗假定。若沒有假設，進一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。當假設被證實了，就成爲理論的一部分。
