銀行及其功能
銀行是以存款、貸款、電匯、儲蓄等業務，承擔信用中介的金融機構。接下來小編為大家整理了銀行及其功能，希望對你有幫助哦!
Interest is a reward which is paid by the borrower to the lender for a loan. It always coexists with credit. Where there is Credit, there should be principal and primary function of banks is to serve as middlemen in the making of payments. In doing so they transform inactive money capital into active, that is, into capital yielding a profit; they collect all kinds of money revenues and place them at the disposal of the capitalist class.
As banking develops and becomes concentrated in a small number of establishments, the banks grow from modest middlemen into powerful monopolies. They have at their command almost the whole money capital of all the capitalists and small businessmen and also the larger part of the means of production and sources of raw materials in any one country or in a number of countries. This transformation of numerous modest middlemen into a handful of monopolists is one of the fundamental processes in the growth of capitalism into capitalist imperialism.
I have emphasized the reference to the “affiliated” banks, because it is one of the most important distinguishing features of modern capitalist concentration... Again and again the final word in the development of banking is monopoly.
As regards the close connection between the banks and industry, it is precisely in this sphere that the new role of the banks is, perhaps, most strikingly felt. When a bank discounts a bill for a firm, opens a current account for it, etc., these operations, taken separately, do not in the least diminish its independence and the bank plays no other part than that of a modest middleman. But when such operations are multiplied and become an established practice, when the bank “collects” in its own hands enormous amounts of capital, when the running of a current account for a given firm enables the bank to obtain fuller and more detailed information about the economic position of its client, the result is that the industrial capitalist becomes more completely dependent on the bank.
At the same time a personal union, so to speak, is established between the banks and the biggest industrial and commercial enterprises, the merging of one with another through the acquisition of shares, through the appointment of bank directors to the Supervisory Boards (or Boards of Directors) of industrial and commercial enterprises, and vice versa.
銀行最基本、最主要的功能是在支付過程中充當中介。在此過程中，銀行將閒置的錢轉化為流通的錢，也就是説，轉化為產生利潤的資本;它們將各種貨幣收入集中起來，再投放給資本家，由他們支配。
隨着銀行的發展並集中於少數幾家機構，銀行逐步從單純的中介成長為強大的壟斷者。銀行幾乎控制着一國乃至數國大小資本家和商家的全部貨幣資本和大部分生產資料及原料來源。從大批普普通通的中介轉化為少數壟斷者的過程是資本主義向資本帝國主義發展的一個重要步驟。
我之所以着重提到“附屬”銀行，是因為這是現代資本集中的最重要、最顯著的特徵之一。實踐反覆證明，銀行業發展的必然結果是壟斷。
就銀行和工業的密切關係而言，銀行新功能的最突出體現就在於此。當銀行為企業辦理票據貼現，開立活期賬户等業務時，這些單獨辦理的業務活動，絲毫不降低它的獨立性，銀行只是起着單純的經紀人作用。但是，當這類業務活動成倍增加，併成為固定的業務;當銀行把大量的資本“收集”在自己的手中;當經營某公司的活期存款使得銀行對該公司的經濟情況有了更全面、更詳細的瞭解，其結果是工業資本家更加依賴於銀行。
與此同時，在銀行和大型工商企業之間，一種可喻之為“私人”的關係已建立起來了，即通過相互持有股份;通過向對方監事會(或董事會)委派董事而形成相互之間的合併。
