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完成時態高考知識點與late的辨析

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現在完成時(Present perfect tense)表示動作發生在過去,但與現在情況有關係,即用一個發生在過去的動作來說明現在的情況。小編在這裏整理了相關資料,希望能幫助到您。

完成時態高考知識點與late的辨析

  完成時態高考知識點

現在完成時的基本概念和形式

現在完成時(Present perfect tense)表示動作發生在過去,但與現在情況有關係,即用一個發生在過去的動作來說明現在的情況。

現在完成時由動詞have (has) + 過去分詞構成。

現在完成時的基本用法

1)表示動作到現在爲止已經完成或剛完成,漢語常用"了"或"過"來表示。如:

I have finished my work.我把工作做完了。

We have set up many new factories in this area.我們在這個地區建立了許多新工廠。

She has read all these books.她把這些書都讀完了。

2)動作在過去完成,表示"經驗"或"結果"。漢語常用"過"來表示。如:

Have you ever seen the play The Doll's House? 你看過話劇《傀儡家庭》嗎?

Yes,I have seen it twice.我看過兩遍了。

I have learnt to drive.我學過開車。

The man has lived in China.那人在中國住過。

[注] 注意be在下面句子中的意義。如:

Where have you been? -I've been to the laboratory.你上哪兒去了?--到實驗室去了。

Have you ever been to Hangzhou? ―No,I've never been there.你到過杭州嗎?--沒到過。

How have you been?-I've been well thank you.你近來身體好嗎?--謝謝你,我近來很好。

現在完成時與過去一般時的區別

現在完成時和過去一般時都表示在過去完成的動作,但現在完成時強調這一動作與現在的關係,如對現在產生的結果、影響等,而過去一般時則表示動作發生在過去,一般不表示和現在的關係。試比較:

1)I have lost my pen.我把鋼筆丟了。(意即還沒找到,現在我沒有筆用。)

She lost her pen yes today.她昨天把筆丟了。(筆是昨天丟的,現在找到與否,沒有說明。)

2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看過這個農業展覽會。(強調我知道它的內容)

I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.我上週參觀了這個農業展覽會。(只說明我上週參觀過展覽會這件事)

3) Who has opened the door? 誰把門開了?(現在門還開着)

Who opened the door? 誰開的門?(指過去,與現在無關。現在門是關着還是開着,沒有說明。)

4) A:Have you had your lunch? 你吃過年飯沒有?(意即你現在不餓嗎?)

B:Yes,I have.吃了。(意即我現在飽了,不要再吃了。)

A:When did you have it 你什麼時候吃的?(說話人感興趣的是"吃"這一動作發生在什麼時候。)

B:I had it about half an hour ago.我是大約半小時前吃的。

現在完成時的其他用法

1)還可表示動作發生在過去,並且一直延續到現在,甚至還可能繼續延續下去。這時常和since所引導的短語或從句或for引導的短語連用(for有時可以省去)。

How long have you been in Beijing ? -I have been in Beijing for four years.你在北京呆了多久?--我在北京呆了四年。

Isaac's father has been a school teacher since 1968. 艾薩克的父親從一九六八年以來就當教師。

We haven't had a vacation for a long time.我們好久沒放假了。

Three years have passed since we left school.我們畢業已經三年了。

[注]但在下面的句子中,主句的謂語動詞可以用現在一般時。如:

It is three years since I began to work on the state farm.我在國營農場工作已經三年了。(美國英語用has been,下例同此)

It's a long time since I saw you last.好久沒見了。

2)在條件、時間狀語從句中表示將來完成的動作。

I'll go with you when I have finished my home work,我做完作業後就和你一塊去。

We'll wait here until you have Written the letter.我們將在這裏等你寫完信。

Perhaps I'll know more English after I have learnt it for two years.我學完兩午後,懂的英語或許就會多些了。

現在完成時的時間狀語問題

1)現在完成時說明的是現在的情況,是現在時態,因此不能和表示過去時間的狀語如yesterday,1asr month,three years ago,in l960等連用。這些時間狀語只能和過去時態連用,表示過去的動作。但現在完成時可和表示過去時間的副詞just和before連用。如:

He has just come.他剛到。

We have seen the movie before,我們以前看過這個電影。

2)現在完成時常和表示不確定的時間的副詞already,never,ever,always,yet,,often等連用。如:

Have you ever been in a plane? 你坐過飛機嗎?

The new books have not arrived yet.新書還沒有到。

The Xisha lslands have always been Chinese territory.西沙羣島一直是中國的領土。

Have you heard from him yet? 你接到他的信了嗎?

They have already finished their experiment.他們已經做完試驗了。

Many westerners have never seen a giant panda.許多西方人從沒見過大熊貓

We have often been to the Summer Palace.我們常到頤和園去玩。

3)現在完成時可以和包括"現在"在內的時間狀語連用,如now,today,this month,this year等。如:

We have planted many fruit trees this year.我們今年種了很多果樹。

Have you seen Benny today? 你今天見到本尼了嗎?

We've had a lot of rain this summer.今年夏天雨下得很多。

但如說話人所感興趣的只是在這段時間內發生了某一動作,而不是這一動作與現在的關係時,須用過去時態。如:

The conference opened this month.會議是本月開幕的。

Their farm set up a pumping station this year.他們農場今年新修了一個抽水站。

現在完成時可和疑問副詞where,why,how連用,但通常不和疑問副詞when連用

(when一般只與過去時態連用)。如:

Where have you been? 你去哪兒了?(詢問經過情況。如說Where did you go?則只問地點)

Why have you turned off the radio? 你幹嗎把收音機關了?(強調和現在的關係,意即收音機關着。如說Why did you turn off the radio?則強調關收音機這一過去的動作。)

過去完成時過去完成時的基本概念和形式

過去完成時(past perfect tense)表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已經完成了的動作。簡言之,過去完成時所表示的時間就是"過去的過去"。過去完成時由助動詞had + 過去分詞構成。

過去完成時的用法

1)過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作以前業已完成的動作。這個過去的時間可以用by,before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示。如:

By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons.到上週末爲止,我們已經學了十課書。

He had learned some English before he came to the institute.他來學院之前學過一些英語。

I didn't go to the film because I had seen it twice.我沒去看電影,因爲這片子我已看過兩次了。

When I had gone over my lessons I took a rest.我複習完功課之後,休息了一會兒。

I gave my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her.我把給妹妹買的花送給她。

In the exhibition he saw many oil paintings that he had never seen before.他在展覽廳裏見到許多過去從未見過的油畫。

2)過去完成時可以表示由過去某一時間開始,一直延續到過去另一時間的動作,常和for(有時可以省去)或since構成的短語或since引導的從句連用。如:

It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.在天旱了好幾個月之後,昨天下雨了。

By the I read his new book, I had known him for a long time.到我讀他的新書時,我早就知道他了。

He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since,1980. 他說7980年以來他的家鄉大變樣了。

[注]當一個由when,before,after,as soon as等連詞引導的從句所表示的動作和主句的動作緊接時,兩個動作均可用"一般過去時"來表示。如:

We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操後,我們吃早飯。

When I finished supper,I took a walk.我晚飯後就去散步。

The train started to move just before he reached the platform.他到月臺時火車剛開走。

They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields.他們一到地裏就開始耕地。

將來完成時的基本概念和形式

將來完成時(future perfect tense)表示在將來某一時間之前所完成的動作。它的形式由shall(第一人稱)或will(第二、三人稱)加have再加過去分詞所構成。美國英語一律用will。

將來完成時的用法

將來完成時表示在將來某一時間以前已經完成的動作。如:

By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book.到本週末,我將讀完這本書。

By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.明天這時候,他們將修好這臺機器。

The children will have gone to sleep by the time We get home.到我們回家時,孩子們將已睡了。

When you come tonight at eight o'clock,I shall have written my paper.你今晚八點鐘來時,我將會寫完文章了。

By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我們的老師將已教二十年英語了。

  late的辨析

(1) late

A. 形容詞

①遲的,晚的

I was late for school. 我上學遲到了。

I was ten minutes late. 我遲到了十分鐘。

②晚期的, 末期的

in the late afternoon 在下午較晚的時候,傍晚

in the late sixties 六十年代後期

in the late 1990's/1990s 在二十世紀九十年代末期

He began the work in late May. 他在五月底開始這項工作。

It is never too late to mend. [諺語] 改過不嫌晚。

③已故的;前任的

the late government 上屆政府

a late president 一位已故的總統

She was an admirer of the late president. 她欽佩前總統。

④新的

some late news 一些新消息

B. 副詞

①遲地,晚地

Better late than never. [諺語] 遲做總比不做好。

I got up late. 我起晚了。

late in autumn 在深秋

②新近,最近

I saw him as late as yesterday. 直到昨天我還看見過他。

(2) later

A. 副詞

①後來。可單獨使用,用於過去時或將來時。

Later the boy found his mother. 後來那個男孩找到了他的媽媽。

See you later. 再見!回頭見!

② ...之後。可放在時間段後,只用於過去時。

He arrived in London on Monday, two days later he left for New York.他星期一到了倫敦,兩天後他出發去紐約。

③爲late的比較級,意爲“較晚地”。

The big stores are open later on Thursdays. 每逢星期四大商店開門較晚。

B. 形容詞,爲late的比較級,意爲“較晚的”。

the later comers 來的較晚的人

(3)latest

A. 形容詞

①最新的

the latest news 最新的消息

②爲late的最高級,譯爲“最晚的,最遲的”。

the latest comer 來得最遲的人

B. 副詞,爲late的最高級,譯爲“最晚地,最遲地”。

come the earliest and leave the latest 來得最早,走得最晚

C. 名詞,譯爲“最新消息、時裝”。

Have you heard the latest about the war? 你聽到有關戰爭的最新消息了嗎?

短語:at the latest 最遲

I should be back by 11 o’clock at the latest. 我最遲11點回來。

(4)lately:副詞,與recently同義,通常用於現在完成時,譯爲“最近、近來”。

What have you been doing lately? 你最近在做什麼?

He came as lately as last week. 他最近在上週來過。

(5)latter:adj.後面的,後者的(the former, the latter前者,後者)

The latter point is the most important.

後面提及的那一點是最重要的。

I prefer the former design to the latter.

比起後者的設計方案, 我更喜歡前者的。

【練習】用latter, late, later, latest或lately填空。

1. Better _____ than never.

2. Let's consider the question _______.

3. Of the two the _____ is better than the former.

4. Have you seen Peter _______?

5. Here is the _______ issue of China Daily.

6. The _______ part of the text is the most important.

【解析】

1. Better late than never. [諺語] 遲做總比不做好。答案爲late 遲地。

2. 此句譯爲:讓我們稍後考慮這個問題。答案爲later較遲地。

3. 此句譯爲:這兩個問題中,後者比前者更好。the former, the latter前者,後者爲固定搭配,答案爲latter。

4. 此句譯爲:你最近見過彼得嗎? 答案爲lately,最近。

5. 此句譯爲:這是《中國日報》最新的期刊。答案爲latest,最新的。 6. 此句譯爲:這個文本最後面的部分是最重要的。答案爲late的最高級latest。