考研英語閱讀中的50個重要詞彙，附例題講解
英語單詞的背誦重要性是衆所周知的，相信很多小夥伴都已經堅持了很久，並且還將繼續堅持下去。在這裏小編整理了考研英語閱讀的50個重要詞彙，希望可以幫到大家~
1. authority 權威，當局
Mexican authorities noticed a large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.
墨西哥當局注意到，在成年人中有大量人住院。
One authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control.
一位權威人士說道，這些極其強大的精神事件不但可以約束，還可以有意識地進行控制。
2. equivalent 等價物
The digital credential would be a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key， a fingerprint and a photo ID card.
該數字證書可以成爲一個"自願受信身份"系統，從而成爲物理密鑰、指紋以及身份證的高科技等價物。
3. alternative 替代物
They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
他們更願意握緊自己的錢包，把在家吃飯作爲一種現實的替代。
4. substitute 代替物
Devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance.
忠誠的音樂會愛好者回答道，唱片並不能`1代替現場表演。
5. community 具有共性的人 (社區，…屆)
The approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace， with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a trusted community.
該方法能夠在網絡空間建一個"有牆的花園"，具有安全的"鄰里關係"以及明亮的"街燈"，從而創造出一種安全社區的意識。
6. transaction 交易
The individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence.
個人和組織能夠充滿信任地完全在線交易。
7. mentality 心態
It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a compulsory of Internet "driver's license" mentality.
該計劃看來明顯是一個最初的推斷，最終將形成一種英特網強制性"駕駛執照"的心態。
8. skepticism 懷疑
The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some computer security experts.
該方案也遭到了電腦安全專家的懷疑。
History and news become confused， and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.
歷史和新聞變得令人困惑，人們開始產生一種懷疑與樂觀相混合的印象。
9. executive 高級管理者
But Edward Dolman， the chief executive， says： "I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."
但是首席執行官愛德華·多爾曼說道："我完全相信現在已經是在底部了。"
10. irony 諷刺
This episode crystallizes the irony that， although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations， they rarely talk at home.
該情節體現出一種諷刺，那就是，籍貫美國男性在公共場合比女性說話多，但在家裏，他們很少說話。
11. preference 偏愛
The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out.
首先並且最重要的是消費者不斷增長的對外出就餐的偏愛。
12. predominance 優勢
Just as inevitably， the retreat from predominance proved painful.
不可避免的事，這種從優勢地位退下來的感覺是痛苦的。
13. pattern 圖案，模式
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.
政治科學家安德魯·哈克在上世紀七十年代觀察到這一模式。
14. infrastructure 基礎設施
Big retailers could profitably apply their scale， existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges， logistics， and marketing intelligence.
大型零售商在管理產品類別、物流、以及營銷智能化方面，可以應用其規模、已有基礎設施和歷經考驗的技能，這是有利可圖的。
15. inequity 不公正
In my own research， complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband.
在我自己的研究中，女性們對於丈夫的抱怨通常並非針對那些明顯的不公正，例如放棄職業來陪伴丈夫。
16. humanity 人類，人性
He is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others， but explains the process that has brought this about.
他的正在發表的一篇論文不僅暗示出某個人類羣體會比其他羣體更聰明，還解釋了這種現象產生的過程。
His concern is mainly with the humanities： Literature， languages， philosophy and so on.
他主要關注的是人文學科：文學，語言，哲學等等。
17. revival 復活，復興
Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.
卡杜斯的批判性評論有機會復活嗎?這看來很遙遠。
18. amateur 業餘愛好者
Moreover， the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
另外，音樂評論中的業餘愛好者傳統在急劇衰退。
19. corporation 公司
Corporations could use such approaches to introduce new routines.
公司應當採用這些方法來塑造新的慣例。
It's a self-examination that has involved issues of responsibility， creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
這是一種自我檢查，其中包含責任、創造性自由和公司底線等問題。
20. economy 經濟，經濟體
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were， and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.
富裕國家不像過去那麼依賴石油，因此對油價波動就不那麼敏感。
21. adolescent 青少年
Chewing gum， once bought primarily by adolescent boys， is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.
口香糖曾經主要是青少年購買，現在則經常出現在商業廣告中，用來使口氣清新，以及用來在餐後清潔牙齒。
22. juvenile青少年
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.
很多關於青少年違法原因的理論都把主要影響原因歸於個人或社會。
23. jury 陪審團
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values.
很多美國人把陪審團制度看作關鍵民主價值的具體表現。
24. qualification 資格
There is a principle that all citizens should meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy.
有一個原則，那就是所有公民應當符合年齡和識字能力方面的最低資格要求。
25. specialization 專門化
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.
專門化可以看作是對科學知識不斷積累的一種響應。
26. prerequisite 先決條件
Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career.
專業化使得博士學位成爲成功學術生涯的先決條件。
27. connotation 內涵
The word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and， in particular， may not fully share its values.
"業餘愛好者"一詞的確帶有這樣一種內涵，那就是，沒有完全整合進科學界的人不會分享其價值觀。
28. prospect 前景
Losing a job is hurting： you don't skip down to the job center with a song in your heart， delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.
失去工作是痛苦的：你不可能唱着歌蹦蹦跳跳地來到就業中心，心裏高興地想着這個慷慨的國家會讓你的收入翻番。
29. prosperity 繁榮
"The Heart of the Matter，" the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)， deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.
"物質的核心"是美國藝術與科學研究院剛發表的一篇報告，這篇報告肯定了人文學科和社會科學對於美國自由民主的繁榮與安全的重要性，因此是值得表揚的。
30. intelligence 智力，智能
Jury duty was once limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence， education， and moral character.
陪審團的職責曾經僅限於那些具有卓越智力、教育背景和道德素養的人。
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.
事實上，對於人工智能的探索所獲得的結果是非常複雜的。
31. fitness 健康
But despite some claims to the contrary， laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
儘管存在一些反面的主張，事實上，笑對於身體健康幾乎沒有什麼影響。
32. seminar 討論會
He spent many of his weekly seminars giving detailed instructions in techniques of observation.
他用了很多的周討論會來詳細說明觀察技術。
33. duty 職責
Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract， as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
一些哲學家提出，權力作爲職責與利益的交換的一部分，僅存在於契約中。
34. advocate 倡導(vt.) 倡導者(n.)
Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers， so skilled at applying peer pressure.
羅森博格令人信服地提出，廣告商很善於應用同伴壓力，公共健康倡導者應當向他們學習。
He advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
他提倡思想自由和個人表達的自由。
35. benefactor 捐助者
These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
這些捐助者在他們自己的領域很成功，他們想用自己的財富吸引那些在科學領域取得成功的人。
36. entrepreneur 企業家
These upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.
這些突然崛起的企業家不可能通過金錢使自己的獎項具有諾貝爾獎那樣的威望。
37. chaos 混亂
Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.
貝多芬的音樂總是從混亂過渡到秩序，彷彿秩序是至高無上的人類存在。
38. tension 張力
The tension between the universal and the particular has been immensely productive in anthropology.
在人類學中，普遍性與特殊性之間的張力能夠產生大量研究結果。
39. obesity 肥胖
Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.
很難對肥胖進行定義，這一事實受到的關注更多。
40. significance 重要性，意義
Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events
由於日常生活佔據了我們有意識的思想，因此我們並不總是會思考日常事件的情感意義。
41. institute 研究機構，(專門型)學院
According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information， prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.
根據加拿大健康信息研究院的統計，自1997年以來，醫療保險總體開銷中處方藥成本在大幅上升。
42. institution 制度，機構，機制
He is that rare bird， a scientist who works independently of any institution.
他是那種與衆不同者，作爲一個獨立於任何機構的科學家在工作。
There is the so-called big deal， where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.
存在一種大批量交易，就是機構用戶付錢通過網站特許協議來解除大量的在線期刊。
The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and， as a result， radically higher standards of living.
研究機構的發現一致地表明，所有國家的勞動者都可以通過工作培訓來獲得生產率的根本提高，從而大幅提高生活水平。
The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution.
如果不保護南方各州的制度，他們當時就不會簽署憲法。
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
人們可以說，對任何社會機價值的衡量在於其擴大並提示經驗方面的效果，但這一效果並不屬於這些機制的最初動機。
Malinowski regarded all institutions of a society as intrinsically linked to each other， and stressed that every social or cultural phenomenon ought to be studied in its full context.
馬林諾夫斯基把所有社會機制看成是相互聯繫的，並強調應當將所有社會或文化現象放在其完整的社會情境中進行研究。
43. intellectual 知識分子，知識的
It is intellectuals， not America， who have become anti-intellectual.
反對知識的正是知識分子本身，而不是美國。
44. manuscript 手稿
When I set out to revise and update this book， the original manuscript was five years old.
當我在對這本書進行修改和更新時，最初的手稿已經存在五年之久了。
45. trait 特徵
The trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.
我們過高評估了關於才幹的特徵。
46. reference參考
In effect， you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence， image or reference might have had.
事實上，你可以嘗試對任何給定句子、圖像或參考可以具有的意義或效果進行重建。
47. inference 推理
You make further inferences， for instance， about how the text may be significant to you.
你可以進行進一步推理，比如該文本對你具有何種重要性。
48. legacy 遺產
Morgan's legacy would also be acknowledged by many Marxist anthropologists.
摩根的遺產也會得到馬克思主義人類學家的認可。
49. label 標籤
Advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ，H&M， and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.
技術的發展使得諸如颯拉、HM以及優衣庫這樣的大衆市場品牌能夠對市場趨勢快速反應，並更加準確地對需求進行預測。
50. vogue 流行
I shall then proceed to characterize the system now in vogue in Western civilization.
我將繼續講述西方文明中現在流行的體系特徵。
