高考優秀英文範文
人的一生，就如同文章，寫就了許許多多的故事。下面是本站小編給大家整理的高考優秀英文範文，供大家參閱!
高考優秀英文範文：美國年輕人中“地理盲”居多
young americans know little about world geography, with the majority unable to locate iraq on a map and three quarters unable to find indonesia, according to a study.
young americans know little about world geography, with the majority unable to locate iraq on a map and three quarters unable to find indonesia, according to a study.
the roper poll conducted the survey on behalf of national geographic and found that most of the young adults questioned between the ages of 18 and 24 also had little knowledge about their own country, with half or fewer unable to identify the states of new york or ohio on a map.
moreover, the study said, many of those questioned were not bothered by their lack of geographic knowledge.
"half think it is 'important but not absolutely necessary' either to know where countries in the news are located or to be able to speak a foreign language," a report on the survey said.
the report said that that nine in ten could not find afghanistan on a map of asia and 70 percent could not find north korea.
when questioned about natural disasters, only 33% correctly chose pakistan from four possible choices as the country hit by a huge earthquake in october 2008.
the survey was conducted between december 2008 and january 2008 and involved 510 interviews.
national geographic released the survey on last tuesday in launching a five-year campaign to improve geographic literacy among young people in the united states.
"geographic illiteracy impacts our economic well-being, our relationships with other nations and the environment, and isolates us from our world," said john fahey, national geographic society president. "without geography, our young people are not ready to face the challenges of the increasingly interconnected and competitive world."
"美國年輕人中“地理盲”居多"英語作文譯文:
一項調查顯示，美國年輕人的世界地理知識相當貧乏，大多數人在地圖上找不到伊拉克的位置，四分之三的人不知道印度尼西亞在哪裏。
洛普民意研究中心代表美國國家地理協會做了此項調查，調查發現：年齡在18歲至24歲間的多數受訪青年對本國的地理知識瞭解得也很少，其中近一半人無法在地圖上指出紐約州或俄亥俄州的具體位置。
調查還表明，很多受調查的年輕人對於缺乏地理知識並不以爲然。
調查報告中說：“有一半的人認爲，雖然知道新聞中提到的國家的具體位置或會說一門外語‘很重要，但並不是絕對必需的’”。
報告中提到，90%的年輕人在亞洲地圖上找不到阿富汗，70%的人找不到北朝鮮。
當問及發生自然災害的國家時，僅有33%的人從四個選項中選出了巴基斯坦;巴基斯坦曾在2008年10月遭受了大地震的重創。
此項調查在去年12月至今年1月間進行，共有510名調查對象參與。
美國國家地理協會於上週二公佈了調查結果，此協會啓動了一個五年計劃，旨在提高美國年輕人的地理知識水平。
國家地理協會主席約翰·費伊說：“地理知識的貧乏對我們的經濟繁榮、我國和其他國家的關係以及環境都會產生不良影響，並會將我們和外面的世界孤立開來。當今世界，各國間的聯繫日益緊密，競爭也越來越激烈，如果沒有地理知識，美國的年輕人將無法應對各種挑戰。”
高考優秀英文範文：爲什麼田鼠會墜入愛河
the details of what is going on—the vole story, as it were—is a fascinating one. when prairie voles have sex, two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin are released. if the release of these hormones is blocked, prairie-voles' sex becomes a fleeting affair, like that normally enjoyed by their rakish montane cousins. conversely, if prairie voles are given an injection of the hormones, but prevented from having sex, they will still form a preference for their chosen partner. in other words, researchers can make prairie voles fall in love—or whatever the vole equivalent of this is—with an injection.
像往常一樣，最讓人着魔的是田鼠愛情故事的進展細節。當草原田鼠性交時，其體內會釋放兩種稱作催產素和抗利尿激素的荷爾蒙。如果這些荷爾蒙的釋放被阻斷，草原田鼠的性生活便成了短暫的豔遇，它們就會像生性放蕩的山區堂兄那樣去盡享受風流韻事。 相反，如果給草原田鼠注射以上荷爾蒙，雖然阻止它們性交，它們依然會鍾情於已選擇的伴侶。換句話說, 不過就一劑注射，研究者們便能讓草原田鼠落入情網，不管草原田鼠的感覺如何，反正它們會產生與愛相類似的神經反應。
a clue to what is happening—and how these results might bear on the human condition—was found when this magic juice was given to the montane vole: it made no difference. it turns out that the faithful prairie vole has receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin in brain regions associated with reward and reinforcement, whereas the montane vole does not. the question is, do humans (another species in the 3% of allegedly monogamous mammals) have brains similar to prairie voles?
研究者找到一條與正在發生情形相關的線索，這一線索與如何使上述結果作用於人類有關。線索的結論是：當把這一魔術般的汁液注入山區田鼠體內，其反應與草原田鼠如出一轍。這就證實了，在忠誠的草原田鼠大腦內，與獎賞與強化相關聯的區域中，具有一種催產素和抗利尿激素的荷爾蒙受體, 然而山區田鼠卻沒有。 問題是: 人類——據稱是3%實行一夫一妻制的哺乳動物中的另一物種，是否也具有和草原田鼠相似的大腦結構?
to answer that question you need to dig a little deeper. as larry young, a researcher into social attachment at emory university, in atlanta, georgia, explains, the brain has a reward system designed to make voles (and people and other animals) do what they ought to. without it, they might forget to eat, drink and have sex—with disastrous results. that animals continue to do these things is because they make them feel good. and they feel good because of the release of a chemical called dopamine into the brain. sure enough, when a female prairie vole mates, there is a 50% increase in the level of dopamine in the reward centre of her brain.
爲對上述疑惑刨根問底，就需要“挖”得更深一些。一位來自佐治亞州，亞特蘭大emory大學，研究社會附屬關係的學者larry yong，他對此的解釋是，田鼠(以及人類和其他動物)的大腦內具有一套獎賞系統用以鼓勵它(他)們去做生物應該完成的行爲。如若不然，動物將忘記進食，飲水和性行爲，從而招致災難性的後果。動物們不斷重複這些行爲是因爲那使它們感到快樂。這種快感是一種稱作多巴胺的化學物質在大腦中的釋放使然。當雌性草原田鼠交配時，在大腦獎賞系統中樞，多巴胺水平會有50%的上升，而這已完全足夠讓這些“女士”們產生上面提到的那種快感。
similarly, when a male rat has sex it feels good to him because of the dopamine. he learns that sex is enjoyable, and seeks out more of it based on how it happened the first time. but, in contrast to the prairie vole, at no time do rats learn to associate sex with a particular female. rats are not monogamous.
與草原田鼠近似，雄性家鼠性交時，因多巴胺分泌同樣會感到快樂。當它體驗到性讓它感到愉悅，便會參照初次經歷去搜尋更多機會。但與草原田鼠相反，家鼠決不會學習把性與某個特定的雌性個體關聯起來。畢竟家鼠不是“一夫一妻制”的哺乳動物。
this is where the vasopressin and oxytocin come in. they are involved in parts of the brain that help to pick out the salient features used to identify individuals. if the gene for oxytocin is knocked out of a mouse before birth, that mouse will become a social amnesiac and have no memory of the other mice it meets. the same is true if the vasopressin gene is knocked out.
抗利尿激素和催產素就是從這裏進入這個科學傳說的。它們參與了大腦一些部分的工作，以幫助選出用於辨別個體的顯著特徵。 如果在老鼠出生前，dna中的抗利尿激素基因即被剔除, 那隻老鼠將會成爲一個社會性失憶個體，它也不會對遇到的其他老鼠留下任何印象。如果催產素基因缺損，以上命題同樣成立。
the salient feature in this case is odour. rats, mice and voles recognise each other by smell. christie fowler and her colleagues at florida state university have found that exposure to the opposite sex generates new nerve cells in the brains of prairie voles—in particular in areas important to olfactory memory. could it be that prairie voles form an olfactory “image” of their partners—the rodent equivalent of remembering a personality—and this becomes linked with pleasure?
這裏的顯著特徵是氣味。耗子、老鼠和野鼠靠嗅覺區分彼此。christie fowler和她的同事在佛羅里達州大學的研究中發現，把草原田鼠暴露給異性可使其大腦產生新的神經細胞——在對嗅覺記憶至關重要的一些區域尤其如此。人類是靠個性特徵來記住某一個人的。那麼草原田鼠會構造一個嗅覺“形像”去記住伴侶嗎?這與性愉悅是否存在關聯呢?
dr young and his colleagues suggest this idea in an article published last month in the journal of comparative neurology. they argue that prairie voles become addicted to each other through a process of sexual imprinting mediated by odour. furthermore, they suggest that the reward mechanism involved in this addiction has probably evolved in a similar way in other monogamous animals, humans included, to regulate pair-bonding in them as well.
young博士和他的同事在上個月《比較神經學期刊》的文章中提到了這種想法。他們認爲草原田鼠通過一個由氣味做媒介的性烙印過程使配偶彼此沉溺於對方。此外，他們還提到，與這彼此沉溺上癮相關的獎賞機制在其他的一夫一妻制動物(包括人類)生理系統中，或許也進化成了相似的方式，以規範他們的配偶聯結關係。
高考優秀英文範文：你也許會面對它
sex stimulates the release of vasopressin and oxytocin in people, as well as voles, though the role of these hormones in the human brain is not yet well understood. but while it is unlikely that people have a mental, smell-based map of their partners in the way that voles do, there are strong hints that the hormone pair have something to reveal about the nature of human love: among those of man's fellow primates that have been studied, monogamous marmosets have higher levels of vasopressin bound in the reward centres of their brains than do non-monogamous rhesus macaques.
other approaches are also shedding light on the question. in 2000, andreas bartels and semir zeki of university college, london, located the areas of the brain activated by romantic love. they took students who said they were madly in love, put them into a brain scanner, and looked at their patterns of brain results were surprising. for a start, a relatively small area of the human brain is active in love, compared with that involved in, say, ordinary friendship. “it is fascinating to reflect”, the pair conclude, “that the face that launched a thousand ships should have done so through such a limited expanse of cortex.” the second surprise was that the brain areas active in love are different from the areas activated in other emotional states, such as fear and anger. parts of the brain that are love-bitten include the one responsible for gut feelings, and the ones which generate the euphoria induced by drugs such as cocaine. so the brains of people deeply in love do not look like those of people experiencing strong emotions, but instead like those of people snorting coke. love, in other words, uses the neural mechanisms that are activated during the process of addiction. “we are literally addicted to love,” dr young observes. like the prairie voles.
it seems possible, then, that animals which form strong social bonds do so because of the location of their receptors for vasopressin and oxytocin. evolution acts on the distribution of these receptors to generate social or non-social versions of a vole. the more receptors located in regions associated with reward, the more rewarding social interactions become. social groups, and society itself, rely ultimately on these receptors. but for evolution to be able to act, there must be individual variation between mice, and between men. and this has interesting st year, steven phelps, who works at emory with dr young, found great diversity in the distribution of vasopressin receptors between individual prairie voles. he suggests that this variation contributes to individual differences in social behaviour—in other words, some voles will be more faithful than others. meanwhile, dr young says that he and his colleagues have found a lot of variation in the vasopressin-receptor gene in humans. “we may be able to do things like look at their gene sequence, look at their promoter sequence, to genotype people and correlate that with their fidelity,” he muses.
it has already proved possible to tinker with this genetic inheritance, with startling results. scientists can increase the expression of the relevant receptors in prairie voles, and thus strengthen the animals' ability to attach to partners. and in 1999, dr young led a team that took the prairie-vole receptor gene and inserted it into an ordinary (and therefore promiscuous) mouse. the transgenic mouse thus created was much more sociable to its mate.
"你或許也會面對它"英語作文譯文:
雖然抗利尿激素和催產素在人腦內的角色仍未被透徹瞭解，但與田鼠一樣，人體在受到性刺激時也會釋放這些荷爾蒙。儘管與田鼠不一樣，人類不太可能有一張基於嗅覺的神經系統伴侶圖譜，但若干線索已有力說明，這兩種荷爾蒙能揭示一些人類戀愛的本質∶在已被研究過的人類靈長目同伴之中，一夫一妻制小長尾猴的大腦獎賞中樞系統中，抗利尿激素水平較非一夫一妻制的恆河短尾猿高。其他方法也正在爲人們尋找這些問題的謎底。2000 年，來自倫敦市大學學院的andreas bartels和semir zeki定位出了能被浪漫愛情激活的大腦區域。兩位學者選擇自稱正在熱戀的學生作爲測試目標，利用腦掃描儀對他們的大腦活動模式進行觀測。
令人驚訝的是：首先，人腦參與到戀愛的活動區域，較之其他感情(如普通友誼)，相對要比較小些。“引人注意的是，結果顯示，”兩位學者推斷說，“美麗的面容是通過控制一個有限區域的大腦皮層來實現‘一顧傾人城，再顧傾人國’的。” 第二個驚奇之處是，大腦內因戀愛而活躍的區域不同於因其他情緒而活躍的區域，例如，恐懼和憤怒。 被戀愛“咬住”的那部份大腦還包括負責內臟感覺和因可卡因等毒品生成快感的區域。因此，因此，深墜愛河的戀人們的大腦，並非類同於經歷強烈情緒波動的人，倒更接近那些鼻吸可卡因的癮君子。換句話說，愛情使用的是在成癮過程中被激活的神經機制。“嚴格地講, 我們成癮於愛情，”young博士評述道，“就如同草原田鼠”。那麼看起來，能形成穩固社會聯結的動物之所以願意建立彼此間的夥伴關係，可能是由它們的抗利尿激素和催產素受體在大腦中的位置所決定。生物進化作用於以上受體在大腦的分佈，而產生了社會性或非社會性不同版本的田鼠。位於獎賞機制有關區域的受體越多，對個體而言, 社會互動就更具有回報性。動物的社會性團體，乃至整個社會本身都最終依賴於這些受體。但要使進化真能發生效力，在鼠之鼠之間以及人與人之間，一定存在個體變異。這一論述還有引人入勝的推論。
在emory大學與young博士一同工作的steven phelps去年發現，草原田鼠各個體間抗利尿激素受體的腦內分佈，存在着很大的差異。他提出，正是這一變異導致了社會行爲的個體差異，換句話說，一些田鼠將會比另一些更加忠誠。同時，young博士說他和同事已經發現人類抗利尿激素受體基因的許多變異。“我們或許能夠做些類似於察看人們的基因序列，察看他們的啓動序列等工作，在此基礎上對人們進行基因型分類, 並把分類結果與他們的忠誠度關聯起來”，young博士作如是想。
事實已經證明可能對這種基因遺傳進行修補，併產生了令人吃驚的結果。科學家能增加草原田鼠相關受體的表達，以加強動物對同伴的依附能力。而且在 1999 年，young博士帶領了一隻研究隊伍，他們將草原田鼠的受體基因插入到一隻平常(因此成爲雜亂的) 老鼠的體內，由此產生的轉基因鼠對它的配偶表現得更爲友善。
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