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GRE作文時間怎麼分配

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GRE寫作部分的時間也是比較緊張的,大家需要通過半個小時的時間,完成兩篇作文的寫作。因此大家在備考中,對於時間的把握,也要提前練習。那麼GRE寫作時間具體的應該怎麼分配呢?下面小編爲大家整理了詳細的內容,供大家參考!

GRE作文時間怎麼分配

GRE作文時間怎麼分配

一、GRE寫作考試時間介紹:

新GRE寫作要求考生在30分鐘+30分鐘內分別完成兩篇文章,它是美國所有作文考試中時間最長而質量要求最高的一類作文考試。

二、GRE寫作考試具體內容:

新GRE考試寫作包括兩個不同的部分:

1. Issue task(30min),要求作者根據所給題目,完成一篇表明立場的邏輯立論文。

ment task(30min),要求考生分析所給題目,完成一篇駁論文,指出並且有力的駁斥題目中的主要邏輯錯誤。

三、GRE作文時間如何安排:

第一步:審題、確定立場、列出理由

最少3分鐘最多5分鐘。

要避免兩個極端:

a.用時太少,理由沒有想清楚就開始寫,不僅造成文章邏輯結構不清,還會引起行文中頻繁地修正,欲速則不達;

b.用時太多,不要追求一次思考就能把每一條理由及相關例證都想出來。其實想出兩條之後就可以動筆,各個理由的例證可以寫到該段時邊思考邊寫。這一點你不必懷疑,只要你的思維還是正常的,一定能做到。

第二步:正文寫作最少22分鐘最多26分鐘

a.各段寫作時,注意對段落的不同部分給予不同的重視。主題句給予最大重視,注意煉句,別說你不想寫主題句,主題句可以使讀者和筆者本人更清晰該段落寫什麼。各段中支持性細節寫作不必遵循相同的模式。

有n種選擇可供參考:1.舉具體事例;2.說對方相對缺點;3.使用數據;4.使用假想例子;5.使用類比、比喻、引用等修辭手段來論述。哪一種你最容易想出來,就用哪一種。

b.考前將文章開頭、結尾、例證、讓步等各種句型背熟練,並且練習和模考時把他們用熟。別試圖在考場上再去臨時決定比如哪種開頭好,怎樣結尾好。使用自己選中的套路。

c.當寫作考試還有5分鐘結束時,一般你應該已經寫到最後一條理由,或者已經在做結尾。要確保文章有結尾段。

第三步:檢查需要1-3分鐘,有側重點地檢查

a.句法:確保每句話是完整的,有謂語,且簡單句只有一個謂語。

b.時態:文章絕大部分使用的是一般現在時;一般現在時第三人稱要使用單數;使用過去發生的事例時用的是過去時;c.主謂一致按此三步,持續練習5篇以上,可以確保時間問題。

C. 拼寫:保證沒有太多拼寫上的錯誤,特別是開頭結尾和每段主題句這種批閱考官必然會看的部分。絕不能出現拼寫方面的低級錯誤。

GRE寫作首段技巧的解析

厭倦了開頭反問、重複題目的陳腐?致力於在ISSUE寫作中取得更好的成績?頭疼於無從起筆、草草了事?相信在經歷了入門階段後,不少同學在寫作ISSUE時都會遇到這種問題。由於語言背景差異,更接近於平常寫作的ISSUE缺乏一個套路化的標準,不能象ARGUMENT那樣在寫作中標準化,因此長久以來一直是習慣了根據已知條件列方程擅長數學的中國GRE考生的大難題,加之新東方的特訓,將這種不能量化的文章量化,導致文章缺乏新意,甚至因爲固定套路不能對題而離題甚遠,或者一時偷懶而被判雷同,血的教訓告訴我們,ISSUE的寫作不能侷限於模版、經典結構、經典例證。而作爲讀者對全文第一印象的基石,開頭則在這其中起到了重要的作用,俗話說的好,好的開始是成功的一半,一個精確的開頭可以讓你避免寫作中出現跑題、幫助你整理思路,而一個個性的開頭則能讓你的文章使人眼前一亮,提前賺個印象分。用戴雲教主的話說,“你一出現,一切改變,他(閱卷官)爽(給你打高分),你也爽。”基於以上原因,我纔想把這個帖子寫出來,希望此文能引起大家對ISSUE套路寫作的思考,在寫作中更多的獨立思考,訓練自己的思維能力,從而寫出更爲個性、有力的文章。

首先說精確的ISSUE開頭,最精確的ISSUE開頭是什麼?恩,"I agree with the speaker that (把題目抄一遍)",這個開頭絕對不跑題。問題是,除了"I agree",這個開頭還有什麼信息量麼?

類似的開頭還有"Is (把題目抄一遍)? I agree.""Who (把題目謂賓成分抄一遍)? I think it's (把題目主語抄一遍)""The (題目抄一遍) has been widely discussed. I think it's 題目一部分"等等

此類開頭在我改過的作文裏大概佔20%左右,是最簡單的開頭方式,因爲此易上手且沒難度所以廣受歡迎。

另外還有30%左右的ISSUE是這種開頭的發展型,通常會在後面接個"However, under certain conditions..."於是成了經典的讓步結構,或者直接否定題目觀點,以However爲轉接後面討論特別情況,這種用在題目敘述比較絕對的題中比較多,比如“Only _x can make _x”這種。

第一類開頭的缺點很明顯--沒有信息量,其實寫成"I don't agree with the speaker."就行了,這種開頭對於題目內容比較簡單的ISSUE用起來很合適,省下的時間可以用到BODY中去。然而由於信息量不足,它容易造成的影響是作者在之後的論點發展中缺乏方向,經常出現分論點重疊、車軲轆話來回說的問題。

第二類開頭比第一類略好,至少讓步段和主觀點段不會觀點重疊,但第一,certain conditions/specific situation/...這種“分情況討論”的前提沒有信息量,說到底還是廢話,第二,由於讓步條件不明,這樣的文章寫出來經常前後自相矛盾或者跑題。

這兩種開頭起碼還能保證觀點明確,如果BODY寫的好也能拿到4.5甚至5分,但是可能是嫌這開頭太模式化,或者不滿意這種開頭,自己寫了些變體,結果使這種開頭本來僅存的優勢也失去了--即觀點明確。請記住,ISSUE爲立論,必有主論點,這個主論點可以立場中立,但一定要立場鮮明,這樣才能使之後的BODY有效爲論點服務

來看個板油的習作(我隨便從第一頁的ISSUE中抽的,感謝RayTong同學 )

TOPIC: ISSUE88 - "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."

The issue that the technologies' effects on our society has been widely discussed. Somebody assert that technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics while others argue that technologies can not determine our custom and ethics. However, I have my special opinion that technologies indeed have great affected all aspect of our lives even traditional customs and ethics, but in contract, it is determined by our customs and ethics.

To begin with, as the developing of the technologies, the conditions of our lives have changed grandly from the old days.……

Moreover, the change of our daily lives bring by technologies exert a subtle influence on social customs and ethics. ……

However, technologies cannot determine social customs and ethics all the time, and in contrary, it is determined by the social customs and ethics.

……這裏我截選了開頭和各段主題句,從結構上來講這個開頭是屬於第二種(陳述+轉折),但是內容卻是第一種(複述題目陳述觀點),However之前的內容並不是作者的觀點,只是重複了題目的觀點,However之後是作者觀點。本質上講這個開頭跟I don't agree with the speaker說的內容是一樣的。

接下來看三個主題句,有什麼問題麼?第一、二個都是在說Somebody,第三個轉到I have的內容--作者把第一種觀點的內容按第二種觀點來展開了,他並沒有說自己同意somebody的說法(從howeve來看是反對的),卻花了兩段去論證somebody的說法。這時開頭的定位不明確導致了文章的方向不明確。

再看一個比較標準的第二類開頭(還是隨機抽的,感謝板油dg336688)

TOPIC: ISSUE12 - "People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."

According to some common experiences, some people assert that "people's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic". I think this kind of statement is rather assertive and lack of comprehensive understanding about the relationship between people's attitudes and its causing factors. Merely from its literal statement, I think the most majority of people probably can hardly accept this kind of opinion as well as mine. Certainly, immediate situation or surroundings shall make a great influences on people's attitudes , but internal characteristic of people can also make a difference. We get to have all-round and insightful thoughts to think it over.

On one hand , undeniably, people's attitudes are sometimes greatly influenced by outside surroundings.

On another hand, to some extent, sometimes our attitudes are also affected by internal characteristic.

這是個典型的由第二類開頭模式造成的跑題,在討論個別情況的限定條件時作者沒有給出具體的限定條件,於是造成在論證過程中兩面沒有比較性,這個方面,如何如何,那個方面,如何如何,最後,兩個方面,怎樣怎樣。注意題目的敘述是“more”,就是說作者沒說一定哪個方面有哪個方面沒有,而是一個比較型的題目,因此要對這兩種情況的條件進行比較,因此在開頭需要表明態度,至少說一句"Since the situations vary so diversely, we cannot make an absolute conclusion that ... is more than ....“ 不然文章論證內容跟題目就沒有了契合點。

這個錯誤就引出了讓步式開頭的解決方案--怎樣的讓步式開頭可以避免跑題/觀點不明確?

首先說下讓步觀點的出發點,即辯證法,凡事都是雙刃劍,其影響存在對立統一的兩面,提出讓步觀點一是可以讓自己的觀點全面,從而封上被攻擊的漏洞,二也可以在對付有些難題的時候不至於無話可說。也因此由於“對立”比“統一”更直觀,所以很多人在寫作時容易忽視了“統一”,於是自相矛盾。

其實達成統一併不難,只要在觀點中有一個明確的態度,給出一個不含糊的解決方案就可以了。我們看看範文是怎麼做的:

題目:

"In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists -- people who can provide broad perspectives."

In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.

非常簡短的開頭,一個分句給出背景,然後給出觀點:call for a balance。同樣是題目說到more,作者用了非常直接的手段點明立場,平衡,沒有什麼more不more的,誰也不more,然後後文就從兩個方面來闡述這個問題。有人可能說,這不是還是沒有重點麼?沒錯,作者在二選一的選擇中沒有做出選擇,但是他的立場很明確:我就是不選擇,因爲我有這些理由……

同樣道理,在遇到題目絕對敘述的時候,我們可以用平衡觀點來說,ver, we cannot neglect....或者I don't e in some aspects...這種時候開頭在兩個不同情況存在的前提下爲二者達成共識形成一箇中心句,就能有效統領全文了。

以上兩種開頭可以說是最簡潔有效的,通常不超過半分鐘就能搞定,對於時間有限的同學而言很實用。但需要注意的是,這種開頭不僅僅千篇一律破壞閱卷官對你的印象,而且由於缺乏對後文內容的暗示而使文章不能有效組織。我們知道寫PAPER的時候前面會出現KEY WORDS和ABSTRACT兩個部分,用以向讀者介紹本文的結構和內容。GRE AW當然做不到這一點,但是開頭卻能起到同樣的作用。有了對後文的暗示,讀者會在過程中更有效的follow your ideas, 同時這種寫法也強迫作者在文章開始之初就規劃好全文,避免了一邊想一邊寫搞得分論點混亂的問題。

還是看下範文:

題目

"It is unfortunate that today's educators place so much emphasis on finding out what students want to include in the curriculum and then giving it to them. It is the educator's duty to determine the curriculum and the students' duty to study what is presented to them."

As an elementary educator, I believe this stance is extremist. Educators and the public must come to a middle road. The high road and the low road are intimated in this statement. I believe the high road on this topic (from whence should curriculum come) represents a nouveau approach. Ask the students what they want to learn and study for the year; then meander, research and branch off of their interests. The low road on this topic (directly endorsed by this statement) is old fashioned and outdated. The assumptions behind this view include a magical ability by teachers to infuse reams of information, data and knowledge into students' brains that then become internalized and applied by the students.

這裏作者的開頭有些長,不推薦,不過他很有效的把全文的觀點歸納爲兩個方面,即一邊不好,另一邊也不好,從本質上講這個開頭和上一篇範文的開頭很象,但提出了分論點並說明了理由,這樣後文再寫就能很好的照應。當然這個開頭確實有些沉冗了,建議大家寫的時候能再概括些,只是用一兩個關鍵詞表明自己分論點的出發點即可。

再來看篇5分範文:

題目:

"The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things."

I can agree with the statement above that, "The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. " The statement is an accurate description of how many people form great ideas from ordinary things in life. Sports are all great ideas that are made from commonplace things. What makes sports some of the best ideas is not what they began as but what they evolved into.

非常眼熟的開頭呵呵,"I can agree with...抄題", 但之後作者用三句話把文章的大體意思介紹了下,說體育如何能證明這個觀點,從而把一個很大的話題細化,方便了後文的展開。當然這篇的出發點不太好,只侷限於一個領域,在評論中也認爲這是此文無法拿到滿分的原因。

總之,簡單開頭的結構比較單純,相應的也比較好掌握,缺點也很明顯,可以通過增加信息量的方式來進行彌補,希望大家根據自己的情況取捨。

OK接下來討論我們更爲常用,特別是寫作文經過一定訓練的老手比較喜歡的開頭,背景引出話題式開頭,或者叫複雜開頭。

通常學術論文都會在開篇就自己提出的論題介紹相關背景,從而引出自己的論題,這種開頭顯得有來源有知識,而且在後文的論證中也可以用到背景,因此在時間允許的情況下進行ISSUE寫作用這樣的開頭是個不錯的選擇。但由於結構相對比較複雜,有時候會出現介紹背景與文章無關、句子結構散漫的問題,如何讓背景介紹發揮最大的作用就成了必須討論的問題。

背景介紹也分成幾種,比較常見的是社會背景介紹,即“With the development of society/technology/information”“Modern world is becoming so..."這種內容比較泛而且比較好寫,一般遇到大部分題倒都能套上。但由於這個概念非常泛化,所以很容易就跟觀點脫節,從而導致文章的開頭邏輯不明確,背景介紹成爲廢話。

還是來看板油的習作(再次隨機抽取,感謝strokes7)

150"Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."

Evolving with the development of technology, television and computer on internet supply human beings more and more information of the great world, such as pictures and literal introductions of many places. Should the information on television and computer take place of tourism? I do not think so. Even our visions are broadened by the information, television and computer would not prevent people from traveling, but stimulate people to do so.

紅色爲背景介紹,藍色爲主題句。

第一句能不能聯繫到第二句?可以,但並不直接。supply more information跟取代旅遊有什麼必然聯繫麼?紅字部分和藍字部分的轉折缺乏聯繫,這期間缺掉了一個環節,即問題的產生:由於電腦電視帶來的信息越來越多,很多地方不去都可以知道,於是乎,有的人認爲旅遊過時了。然後再提問,水到渠成。

因此,背景式開頭很重要的一點就是提供的背景與提出的觀點光滑過度(smooth transition),存在必然邏輯聯繫,這樣一來文章的開頭就會顯得比較有力度,而後文也可以有效利用介紹的背景來作爲論證依據。在寫作背景式開頭的時候,考慮起始句如何引出觀點,如何利用背景是關鍵,不要爲了背景而寫背景。

下面介紹幾種其它的背景寫作模式,希望能幫大家開拓思路。

引用式。開頭引用名人名句,最俗的就是翟少成老罵的那個"a coin has two sides”,這種開頭難度很高,想用好也很難,在不知道題目的情況下誰也不能直接找出一句跟題目對應很好能用於引出觀點句子,所以只適用於寫過的文章。如果撞大運撞上了自己找過句子的題目,那麼無疑用這種開頭會比較佔便宜。

疑問式。這裏說的疑問式不是把題目用問句寫一遍然後自答,而是提出一些與題目相關的問題引起思考,從而引出文章觀點,從某種意義上說,是間接複述題目,然後將中間的邏輯點用敘述方式加以連接,從而引出主題。比如上面說到的Issue150,開頭說"Ever wanted to go somewhere far in universe? Ever complained about insufficience of money which keeps you from dream place? Now with the development of internet and television, such problems can be easily solved.“

敘事式。這種開頭在長文章新聞中非常常見,似乎也是老美比較喜歡的一種開頭,我看過的雜誌裏至少有一半文章是這麼寫的。但由於敘事對篇幅要求比較多而且不易掌握,所以在ISSUE實戰中不是很常用。還是Issue150舉個例子。"I sit down in front of my PC, turn on internet and login in a cyber world. Myriad images appear, as if I have got into the opposite side of the earth. How convenient it is! So you may wonder, is tourism in need any more?" 有時間的同學不妨嘗試下。

無論什麼形式的開頭,爲論點提供支持是最重要的,這種背景可以是對反面觀點有利的,用於引出轉折,也可以是對正面觀點有利的,直接引出觀點,或者是介紹題目背景,從而剖析題目的側重點。

看下官方範文對開頭背景的應用:

題目

"The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things."首先要說這是一個非常龐大的開頭,對於非瘋牛級人物不推薦。

儘管很長,但這段的內容非常精練,每句話都是必不可少的,和其它內容融爲一體。具體見點評

Even the most brilliant thinkers, from Socrates to Satre, live lives in time.(用事實提出題目觀點的發展背景:牛人生活在時代中) A childhood, an adolescence, an adulthood; these are common to me and you as well as the greatest writers.(解釋事實,進一步連接題目“common") Furthermore, many of the great thinkers we esteem in our Western culture lived somewhat unevetful lives.(再深入,將事實泛化爲普遍情況,從而提供大背景) What distinguished their life from say a common laborer was their work. Therefore, what provided the grist for their work?(間接提問引出觀點:grist of work) One might say that they were brilliant and this alone was sufficient to distinguish their lives from the masses.(提出一種回答,他人觀點,用以做完善的底子) Intellect alone can not devise situations or thoughts from no where; there must be a basis and that basis is most common, if not always, observation of the common, of the quotidian.(批駁他人觀點進而進行完善,引向自己的觀點basis) Critics of this idea may argue that these thinkers were products of fine educations and were well schooled in the classics. This, they may point to, is the real basis for their knowledge.(再提出一個他人觀點,將話題進一步引向自己觀點) I would agrue (主題句先行詞,闡明觀點) that although it may be a benefit to study classics and be well schooled in diverse disciplines, these pursuits merely refine and hone an ability each and every person has, the ability to study human nature. Where best to study human nature than in the day to day routine each one of us can witness in him or herself or those around us.

先不提NB的語言,但是這段的結構就讓人歎爲觀止,背景-》問題-》兩個答案-》作者答案,層層遞進連接緊密,一句廢話也沒有,所有的句子都有它的存在理由,在這裏背景只是用於討論的話題,而觀點則自然成爲了段落的重點,從而使文章態度鮮明,而否定的兩個他人觀點一方面使過度平滑,另一方面也否認了可能的反駁情況,從而令作者的觀點更好更強大。當然這裏略顯得沉冗,個人認爲一個他人觀點足以。

回到開篇的話,背景式寫作由於提供了更多樣的可能性,所以能夠令文章更具有個性,一個好的背景可以讓文章開頭就光彩十足,引出觀點也更爲舒服,因此在選擇自己要討論的背景時也需要斟酌,即使是最俗的development of technology/society...也要用細節來使其與自己的論題對應,避免出現空泛的背景,這樣不但不能精確發揮作用,也不能突出個性。

GRE寫作論證的10個技巧

一、演繹推理論證法

將一個具體的事例運用到一個一般性原則從而得出結論。

論點:Demand for this product wii go up。

論據:The price of the product is sliding.

推理依據:Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.

(說明:由論據“the price of the product is sliding ”推出論點“Demand for this product will go up”,這個過程是否有效取決於推理依據“whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises”是否成立。下面每一種論證方法都是如此)

二、定義法

界定一個概念的關鍵內涵;或者認定某個事物符合某個定義,從而得出結論。例如:

論點:Radical feminists are not good citizens.

論據:Radical feminists lack family values.

推理依據:Family values characterize the good citizes.

三、因果關係論證法

將一個判斷放入一個因果關係中,指出它或者是原因,或者是結果。例如:

論點:The internet may be causing depression.

論據:When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.

推理依據:There are no other reasons for the group's depression.

四、歸納推理論證法

從若干個具體事例中推出共性的一般結論。如:

論點:Everyone likes the movie.

論據:I know three people who like the movie.

推理依據:Three eaxmples are enough.

五、列舉特徵式論證法

指出某事物發生或者生存的徵候或者跡象。例如:

論點:The child has chickenpox.

論據:The child has red spots.

推理依據:These spots are signs of chickenpox.

六、類比論證法

用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較,並用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分爲三種:縱向類比(過去的事物同現在的、同一類事物的類比)、橫向類比(同一 時期、同一事物之間的類比)、比喻式類比(不同類別事物之間的類比)。例如:

1.縱向類比(Historical analogy)

論點:Many people will die of SARS.

論據:Many people died of the Black Death.

推理依據:SARS and Black Death are similar.

2.橫向類比(Literal analogy)

論點:China should have its fighter carriers.

論據:A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.

推理依據:The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.

3.比喻式類比(Metaphorical analogy)

論點:Reading a difficult book should take time.

論據:Digesting a large metal takes time.

推理依據:Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.

七、引用權威論證法

引用公認的權威,或者論證自己就是權威從而對自己的觀點加以論證。例如:

論點:China's economy will grow 8 poercent this year.

論據:Professors and scientists say so.

推理依據:These experts are reliable.

八、訴諸嘗試法

利用人們的常識【包括:普遍的價值觀念、人的普遍動機、生活常識】進行論證。例如:

1.訴諸普遍性的價值觀念。

論點:The university curriculum should be multicultural.

論據:A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.

推理依據:You value equality and acceptance.

2.訴諸普遍動機

論點:You should support this candidate premier.

論據:The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.

推理依據:You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.

3.訴諸生活常識

論點:She was very kind to me.

論據:She treated me with the best tea she had.

推理依據:A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.

九、反證法

假設一個觀點是正確的,然後卻推導出荒謬的結論。例如:

論點:An industrious man must also be thrifty.

論據:With only industry but without thrift ,the person will end uo bankrupt.

推理依據:An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.

十、統計數據論證法

提供數據,以資論證。例如:

論點:We should end the current poverty-relief program.

論據:It costs $45 million per year.

推理依據:This is too much;it proves we should end it.

只是一個詳細的結構上的分析說明,在具體運用時,我們經常講推理依據和論據放在了一起,但只要合理即可。論據可以自己編造,也可以是大衆的例子,關鍵在於自己怎麼樣建立論點和論據之間的橋樑。上面的這些技巧,可能我們只用到某種或某幾種,但我們必須得會至少一種。