恐襲陰影中的巴黎氣候談判 Spirit of solidarity raises hopes of accord
The two-week UN climate change conferences held in a different city each year have a habit of being overshadowed by troubles elsewhere, from Afghan wars to EU financial crises.
從阿富汗戰爭到歐盟(EU)財政危機，每年在不同城市舉行、每次爲期兩週的聯合國氣候變化會議總是因爲其他地方的問題蒙上陰影。
But the meeting that starts next Monday in Paris will be the first in a city that has itself just been thrown into a state of emergency.
但本年度將於下週一在巴黎舉行的會議，將首次在一個剛剛進入緊急狀態的城市舉行。
In the wake of the November 13 terrorist attacks that killed at least 130 people, the French hosts of the climate conference have already tightened security, cancelling public rallies that are a staple of such meetings.
在11月13日的恐怖襲擊事件導致至少130人身亡後，本次氣候會議的主辦方法國已經加強了安保，取消了原本是這類會議重要內容的公共集會。
A march in Paris on the eve of the conference was expected to have been especially large because this climate meeting is supposed to produce the first new global climate accord in 18 years.
因爲本次氣候會議有望產生18年來首項新全球氣候協議，人們原定於會議前夕在巴黎舉行一次規模特別大的遊行。
That raises a larger question: could the terrorist attacks have any effect on the outcome of such a consequential climate meeting?
這引出了一個更大的問題：恐怖主義襲擊會不會影響這樣一次可能產生重要結果的氣候會議？
Some experts think it is possible.
一些專家認爲這是有可能的。
“I think, if anything, it stiffens the spine in terms of determination to really solve what is the greatest collective action problem in history,” said Andrew Steer, president of the US-based World Resources Institute environmental group.
“如果說有什麼影響的話，我認爲這會加強人們真正解決史上最大集體行動問題的決心，”位於美國的環境團體世界資源研究所(World Resources Institute)的總裁安德魯斯蒂爾(Andrew Steer)說。
Some 137 heads of state have confirmed their attendance for the first day of the talks, and they are likely to echo the outpouring of solidarity with France since the attacks. It is not going to be easy for them to then say “we are simply not in the mood to do a global deal now”, Mr Steer said last week.
大約137個國家的首腦已經確認會在會談第一天出席，他們可能會呼應巴黎恐襲後涌現的團結一致的情緒。因此，聲稱“我們現在根本沒有心情達成一項全球性協議”對他們來說並不容易，斯蒂爾上週表示。
Alden Meyer, a climate negotiations expert at the US Union of Concerned Scientists group who has attended all but one of the 20 previous UN climate conferences, agrees the attacks may encourage more unity at the Paris talks.
位於美國的憂思科學家聯盟(Union of Concerned Scientists)的氣候談判專家奧爾登邁耶(Alden Meyer)參加了此前20次聯合國氣候會議中的19次，他認同襲擊可能會促使巴黎氣候談判更爲團結。
But Mr Meyer, an adviser to the Danish government — which hosted the last failed effort to strike a new climate accord, in Copenhagen, in 2009 — adds a note of caution, too. “There remain several very tough issues to be resolved in order to reach a good agreement at the end of the last day — or night — in Paris,” he told the Financial Times.
但作爲丹麥政府（2009年哥本哈根氣候變化大會的東道主，那次會議未能達成新的氣候協定）的顧問，邁耶也提出了一條警告。他告訴英國《金融時報》的記者：“要在巴黎的最後一天——或者最後一晚——達成一項好的協議，還有幾個十分棘手的問題需要解決。”
Others doubt the attacks will make much difference at all to negotiations as complex as the UN climate talks, riven by years of deadlock between rich and poor countries over sharing the burden of tackling climate change.
其他人則懷疑，恐怖襲擊根本不會對像聯合國氣候談判這樣複雜的談判產生很大影響。多年來富國和窮國就分擔應對氣候變化的負擔的僵局，已經讓聯合國氣候談判四分五裂。
“Of course what happened in Paris should not have happened and nobody wants the loss of innocent lives,” said Meena Raman of the Malaysia-based Third World Network, a developing country non-profit group that monitors the climate negotiations.
“當然，巴黎發生了本不應該發生的事情，沒人希望看到無辜的人喪命，”一直關注氣候談判、位於馬來西亞的發展中國家非營利性組織“第三世界網絡”(Third World Network)的米納拉曼(Meena Raman)表示。
But thousands of people have been displaced or killed during past UN climate conferences as a result of typhoons and other events more directly linked to global warming, she said. “And yet you didn’t see developed countries being much more sympathetic about issues like loss and damage,” she told the FT, referring to one of several stumbling blocks that have to be resolved in Paris.
但是，拉曼表示，在過去一次次聯合國氣候會議無果而終的同時，已有成千上萬人因爲颱風和其他一些與全球變暖有較直接關係的事件而流離失所或者喪命。提及巴黎氣候談判需要解決的幾個障礙之一時，她這樣告訴英國《金融時報》，“不過發達國家此前並未對損失和損害這樣的問題表露出太多同情。”
The draft text of the accord to be negotiated in Paris includes support for developing countries facing loss and damage from global warming, including a “climate change displacement co- ordination facility”.
巴黎氣候大會上要討論的協議草案包括幫助發展中國家應對全球變暖造成的損失和損害，“氣候變化所致流離失所問題協同應對機制”就是其中的措施之一。
Wealthy countries, who would have to foot the bill, are opposed to such measures being included in the final agreement.
那些將爲此買單的富裕國家反對將這樣的措施寫入最終的協議中。
Even without the terror threat, the challenge of hosting one of France’s biggest diplomatic events in decades would be formidable. Some 40,000 people are expected to attend the climate conference, which the French government has been planning for nearly two years.
即使沒有恐怖襲擊的威脅，要舉辦這樣一場法國幾十年來最大的外交盛會，挑戰也十分艱鉅。預計將有大約4萬人參加此次氣候會議，法國政府已爲此籌備了近兩年。
The event will be held in a convention centre at the Le Bourget airfield in the north of Paris, not far from the Stade de France sports arena targeted in the November 13 attacks.
會議將在巴黎北郊布爾歇(Le Bourget)機場的一個會議中心舉行，這裏離11月13日巴黎恐怖襲擊的一處目標，法蘭西體育場(Stade de France)不遠。
Le Bourget is a short drive from the street in the suburb of Saint-Denis where police last week stormed a building and killed the suspected ringleader of the attacks, Abdelhamid Abaaoud.
布爾歇距離巴黎北郊聖-德尼(Saint-Denis)警方上週突襲的街道只有一段短短的車程。警察上週衝進了那裏的一棟建築，擊斃了疑爲此次襲擊頭目的阿卜杜勒哈米德·阿巴伍德(Abdelhamid Abaaoud)。
As well as the dozens of world leaders due at next week’s meeting, a large group of prominent business executives are expected, along with official delegates from 195 countries, at least 3,000 journalists, and thousands of environmental campaigners and observers.
上百名世界各國領導人將出席下週的會議，預計參加會議的還有195個國家的官方代表、一大批知名企業高管、至少3000名記者，以及成千上萬的環保活動人士和觀察員。
Several side events are due to go ahead near the main conference site, but the cancellation of the Paris rally that had been expected to attract up to 200,000 people, has been a blow for climate campaigners.
在主會場附近還會舉辦幾場相關活動。但是法國政府取消了原本預計將吸引多至20萬人參加的巴黎集會，這對氣候活動人士來說是一個打擊。
“This is a source of huge regret, but we must respect the decision,” said Jean Fran漀椀猀 Julliard, executive director of Greenpeace France.
“雖然這非常遺憾，但是我們必須尊重這一決定，”綠色和平(Greenpeace)法國的執行董事讓-弗朗索瓦ㄠ利亞爾(Jean-Francois Julliard)表示。
