研究顯示 每天只喝一杯酒也會出現健康問題大綱

Just one alcoholic drink a day slightly increases an individual's risk for health problems, according to a large new study.

一項新的大型研究表明，每天僅喝一杯酒也會導致出現健康問題的風險輕微增加。

No level of alcohol consumption conferred any health benefits, the authors also concluded -- a finding that runs contrary to much previous research and public health guidelines in many countries.

該研究的作者還得出結論，不管喝多少酒，都不會給健康帶來任何好處，這一發現與許多國家此前的大量研究和公共衛生指南相悖。

The analysis, involving 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016, relied on 694 sources of data and analyzed 592 studies to determine the health risks of alcohol use.

該分析涉及1990年至2016年的195個國家和地區，依據694個數據來源，分析了592項研究，以確定飲酒的健康風險。

While the study is among the largest of its kind, it was also observational, linking population-wide consumption to population-wide trends.

它是同類研究中規模最大的之一，同時也是一項觀察性研究，在全體人口的消耗和全體人口的趨勢之間建立關聯。

The methods left many experts unconvinced.

許多專家對這項研究的方法持懷疑態度。

Online in Medium, David Spiegelhalter, a statistician at Cambridge University in England, wrote of the study's conclusion: "Claiming there is no 'safe' level does not seem an argument for abstention. There is no safe level of driving, but governments do not recommend that people avoid driving."

在Medium網站上，英國劍橋大學統計學家戴維·施皮格霍爾特在評論該研究的結論時寫道：“聲稱沒有'安全'的飲酒水平，似乎並不構成不喝酒的理由。不存在安全的駕駛水平，但政府並不會因此而建議人們不要開車。”

The researchers relied on sales data and surveys to estimate the prevalence of drinking in each country and calculated alcohol consumption in standard drinks daily, defined as 10 grams, or about one-third of an ounce, of pure ethyl alcohol -- the equivalent of 3.4 ounces of red wine at 13 percent alcohol, 12 ounces of beer at 3.5 percent alcohol or one ounce of 80-proof whiskey.

研究人員依靠銷售數據和調查來估算每個國家的喝酒流行狀況，並且計算出每天標準的酒精消耗量，得出的結論是10毫克，也就是三分之一盎司的純酒精--這相當於3.4盎司酒精含量爲13%的紅酒、12盎司酒精含量爲3.5%的啤酒，或者1盎司標準酒度爲80的威士忌。

They also devised a method for distinguishing alcohol consumption among tourists from that of resident populations, and linked consumption data to 23 health outcomes, ranging from car accidents, suicides and tuberculosis, to liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease and cancers.

他們還設計了一種區分遊客與常住人口飲酒量的方法，並將消費數據與23種健康後果聯繫起來，其中包括車禍、自殺以及肺結核、肝硬化、心血管疾病和癌症。

In 2016, 25 percent of women and 39 percent of men were currently drinkers -- about 2.4 billion people worldwide. Women consumed an average of 0.73 drinks a day, while men had 1.7 drinks.

2016年，25%的女性和39%的男性是飲酒者--全球的飲酒人數達到24億。女性平均每天喝0.73杯酒，而男性每天喝1.7杯。

Rates of alcohol consumption vary widely by country, but in general the higher a country's income level, the higher the prevalence of drinking.

不同國家的酒精消費量存在巨大差異，但總體來說，一個國家的收入水平越高，飲酒的流行程度也就越高。

The study, published in the Lancet, concluded that alcohol consumption is involved in 2.8 million deaths annually worldwide, making it the seventh leading risk factor for death and disability.

發表在《柳葉刀》雜誌上的這項研究得出的結論是，全球每年有280萬人死於喝酒，使其成爲導致死亡和殘疾的第七大風險因素。

Among people aged 15 to 49, alcohol use is the single most common risk factor for death and disability. In 2016, alcohol accounted for 6.8 percent of male and 2.2 percent of female deaths.

在15歲至49歲的人羣中，喝酒是導致死亡和殘疾的最常見風險因素。2016年，6.8%的男性和2.2%的女性死於酒精。

"The main difference between alcohol and smoking is that no one is surprised that smoking is bad," said the lead author, Emmanuela Gakidou, a professor of health metrics sciences at the University of Washington.

該研究的第一作者、華盛頓大學的健康計量科學教授埃馬努埃拉·賈齊杜表示：“酒精和吸菸之間的主要區別是，沒人會對抽菸不好感到驚訝。”

"But there's a lot of surprise, even among experts, that alcohol is as bad for you as it is."

“但即便是在專家當中，也有很多人驚訝酒精有害健康。”

Many studies and most health guidelines suggest that moderate drinking -- one or two drinks a day -- is safe and may even reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke or diabetes.

許多研究和大多數健康指南都顯示，適量飲酒--一天一兩杯--是安全的，甚至有可能降低心臟病、中風或糖尿病的風險。

But Dr. Gakidou and her colleagues found that just one drink a day for one year increases alcohol-related health problems slightly, to 918 per 100,000 people from 914 per 100,000.

但賈齊杜和她的同事們發現，每天喝一杯酒，一年下來，也會導致與酒精相關的健康問題輕微增加，出問題的人從每10萬人當中914人增加到了918人。