託福閱讀時間分配及閱讀步驟

爲了幫助大家高效備考託福，本站爲大家帶來託福閱讀時間分配以及閱讀步驟，希望對大家託福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請關注本站!

託福閱讀時間分配以及閱讀步驟

託福閱讀包含3篇閱讀，每篇閱讀的時間爲20分鐘。建議是每篇文章，無論難易，都用17分鐘做完，剩下的9分鐘一律補充到較難的文章中去。如何補充呢?大家可以在做題的過程中一邊做題一邊將難題記錄下來，最後的9分鐘用來檢查或者重做這些難題。

託福閱讀這些部分應該詳讀

剛纔建議大家一篇文章用17分鐘做完，這個時間包含了全文閱讀的時間和做題的時間，比較合理的安排是3-4分鐘用來閱讀，剩下的時間用來做題。3-4分鐘是無法將整篇文章逐字逐句地進行閱讀的，所以一定要掌握方法，有些部分要詳讀，有些部分要略讀。而不管詳略，主要的目的是爲了讀出文章的結構和討論的主要內容。下面講講詳讀的具體步驟。

1 讀標題

文章的標題能透露不少的信息，在看到文章的標題後對全文的結構可以進行一個預測。比如說Applied Arts and Fine Arts，這個標題很明顯是對比類型的標題，文章中應該會有兩個討論對象，而且是分類進行闡述的。

2 讀主題句

有一個很好的技巧就是直接從最後一題中尋找線索，因爲最後一道往往是文章小結題或者填表題，最後一題能很快幫助你鎖定文章討論的對象甚至結構。然後還可以從文章的首位句羣中尋找主題句，記住，是句羣而不是段落。因爲有的主題句並不在第一段，具體的尋找方法在課內可以跟學員們分享。

3 讀段落的首位句羣

我們一般要讀的是段落開頭的兩句和結尾的一句，要特別留心開頭部分的轉折詞。

託福閱讀可以略讀的部分一覽

爲了將更多的時間用於詳讀部分，我們必然要對文章其他部分進行略讀。下面這些部分是要略讀的部分。

1.重複與進一步解釋的內容;

2.完全相反的情形;

3.具體的原理和過程;

4.目的已知的例子和引入;

5.重心在後面，前面略讀。

提升閱讀效率畫邏輯結構圖

在進行完前面兩步後，對於文章的結構和主要內容都會有比較好的把握，筆者建議學生可以在平時的練習中將文章的邏輯結構畫出來，經過這樣的練習，閱讀的理解能力肯定會有提升。

託福閱讀TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.

【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown.

【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.

【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.

does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night"?

emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.

illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.

provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.

counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.

rding to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT

need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.

setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.

setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.

regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.

rding to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?

alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.

church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.

alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.

of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.

word "authoritative" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

al.

rtant.

cial.

ctive.

author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer to

r clocks.

sun.

anical clocks.

church.

word "rudimentary" in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to

.

l.

actical.

c.

rding to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?

used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.

used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.

tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.

used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.

word "installed" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

ired.

cted by the majority of people.

dardized.

in place.

can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers

able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.

sometimes not well respected by other engineers.

times made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.

ly shared their expertise with other engineers.

graph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.

did early mechanical clocks work?

did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?

were mechanical clocks made?

influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?

word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning to

ers.

nents.

oyers.

dians.

rding to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?

encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.

enabled workers to be more task oriented.

pushed workers to work more hours every day.

led to a focus on productivity.

13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.

Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.

increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.

use they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.

re the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.

after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.

ators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.

removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.

託福閱讀答案

1.從第一段的第二句開始，原文列舉了這兩種device各種的缺點，最後一句前半句說它們work，後面but錶轉折，證明要說有些情況它們不能用。所以選擇B。A說人們在各種情況下都在使用這兩種方法，與原文表達的意思相反，C將兩種方法比較，原文沒有這層意思。D整個和劃線部分相反，原文說在northern Europe不能用。

2.雖然原文提到說城與城之間要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。 而collective activity對應了選項B，C對應set time to go to sleep,也就是結束工作的時間。D對應開頭catholic church的prayers活動。

3.對應原文的第二句話，可根據alarm arrangement定位，前文說one of which was at night，後面說to waken monk before dawn，這兩個都可以算是原因，選項中符合的只有D。

oritative是權威的，A是真實的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正確的。文章中也說only one怎樣的time keeper，所以應該是官方準確時間。

5.前文說需要它去check 這個machines，which前面說的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。

mentary是基礎的。 A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切實際的，D是基本的。所以根據詞義D正確。這裏我們可以看並列的詞都是負面的，這裏的rudimentary也是在強調未發展，有落後的意味。如果按照負面詞來判斷，C可能成爲迷惑選項，但其詞義不符。

7.可定位至相關段落，關鍵詞爲resisted，not coming over，所以證明church在拒絕新的計時方法，也就是在試着保護自己的方法。

alled被安裝的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人們希望的，C是標準化的，D是放置於。D最符合，並且原文中原詞的後面也跟了地點，所以用D最合適。

9.根據clockmaker定位至倒數第二句，說製表人是正確和精密的領路人然後就對他們各種讚揚。B，C，D選項都是在貶低製表人，所以很容易排除。B，D選項又和最後一句話明顯衝突。 A符合原文。

10.第五段主要說clockmaker引領了準確，精準工程的發展，他們是master，teacher等等，然後說他們是先鋒，但這些都是因爲他們是製表人。所以這道題選B。 ACD原文都沒提到。

eer是先驅，A是領導者，B是對手，C是僱主，D是監護人。原文單詞所在句後半句也說道他們作teacher，所以很容易理解他們是領導者。

12.定位到原文最後一句，說使人們從task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式變爲maximize product per unit of time，從而提高了productivity，所以選擇D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是轉化前的狀態，C沒提到。

13.原句中no longer反應宗教儀式了，那麼此句前後應該有對現在的計時制度的描寫，另外句末提到了religious ritual，所以附近也應該有對宗教組織的態度描寫，滿足這兩個條件的位置是C。

14.A對應第二段倒數第一句和倒數第二句後半句"with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock."正確。B與原文第一段矛盾。不選。C原文並沒有提到說有大量的timekeepers，而第三段還說只能有一個權威的timekeeper不選。D對應原文第三段，說應用mechanical clock之後water clock很快被棄用了，但sun clock依然留下用來對照mechanical clock的準確性，錯，不選。

託福閱讀譯文

【1】在歐洲，在機械錶被引入以前，人們利用太陽(比如棍子的影子和日晷)和水鍾來確定時間。當然，太陽鍾只能用於晴天使用，而水鐘錶在水溫下降到冰點時會出錯，長期漂浮的東西因爲下沉或堵塞而無法工作。這兩種儀器在晴天都運行的很好，但北歐，太陽可能會藏在雲後長達一週，同時，溫度不僅會隨季節中變化，也因晝夜而不同。

【2】中世紀歐洲使得可靠的時間變得更重要。天主教堂每天有七次的禱告，有一個是在晚上，它要求設定鬧鐘以便在破曉前叫醒佈道師。另外新的城市和小鎮，由於其空間的限制，他們必須要知道並且安排時間去組織集體活動和分配空間。他們設定時間睡覺。所有這些用老的儀器都是可以一致的，只要只有一個權威的時間記錄者。但是隨着城市的發展和報時信號的倍增，時間錯亂導致了不和與爭吵。社會需要一個更加可靠的工具去衡量時間，這個儀器就是機械鐘錶。

【3】我們並不知道是誰發明了這個機器，或者在哪。它好像是出現在意大利或是英國(也許是同時發明的)在1275年到1300之間。一旦被人們所知，它就快速傳播並替代了水鐘錶，但日晷依然存在，用來對照這個新儀器與原來的計時法。早期的版本很原始，不準確且易壞。

【4】諷刺的是，新儀器有破壞天主教堂權威性的傾向。雖然幾世紀以來，儘管城市瓦解，羅馬沒落，但教堂儀式一直保持着對時間記錄的興趣，教堂時間是自然的時間。白天和黑夜被分爲均等的部分，所以除去晝夜平分點，白天和黑夜時間是不均等的;當然因此，這些時間的長度也隨着季節變化。但是，機械時鐘時間間隔相等，這意味着新的時間計算法。天主教會進行反抗，將近一個世紀都不肯轉化到新的時間。但一開始，城鎮都接受了均等時間作爲他們的標準，並且安裝公共的時鐘在城鎮大樓和市場變成了新的世俗市政權威的標誌。每個城鎮都想要一個;勝利者視它們爲珍貴的戰利品，在遊人去神聖古蹟朝聖的路上，他們專程去看並聽這些鐘錶。

【5】鐘錶是中世紀機械精巧裝置的最大成就。它的正確性的可以通過簡單地可觀察日出日落等常見現象來證明。這樣的結果是對技術和設計進步的殘酷的壓力。在每個階段，製表人引領者準確與精度，他們成爲了微型化的大師，錯誤的探測器和校正者，更新更好的搜尋者。因此他們是機械工程的先驅，是工程學其它分支的典範和老師。

【6】鐘錶帶來了秩序和控制，既有集體的也有個人的。它的公開展示和私人擁有鋪設了短期自治的基礎：人們現在可以不用根據上層的命令來調整去留。鐘錶也爲集體活動提供了時間提示，同時使個人能夠安排他們自己的工作，以加強生產力。事實上，生產力的準確概念是時鐘的副產物，一旦一個人可以將其表現用統一的時間單位衡量，那麼工作就永遠都不會一樣了。人們從農民以任務爲導向的工作方式(在時間和光線條件允許的情況下，一件工作接着一件的幹)和家奴以時間爲導向的工作方式(總有事情做)中轉變到了將單位時間的生產量達到最大化的努力中。

託福閱讀時間分配以及閱讀步驟